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gv÷vwis nvW©Iq¨vi

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Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ

Kw¤úDUvi 

‡h ˆe`~¨wZK hš¿ Øviv `ªæZ MYYv, Z_¨ msiÿY-D×vi Ges cÖ‡mm Kiv hvq, B-‡gBj e¨envi B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs, †¯úªWwmU, GKvDw›Us, WvUv‡em e¨e¯’vcbv, Dcv¯’vcbv, cÖKvkbv, †Mg Ges  AviI bvbvwea KvR Kiv hvq †mUv‡K Kw¤úDUvi e‡j|

A‡b‡K Kw¤úDUvi‡K Gfv‡e mÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb - Ó Computer is an electronics device which takes data as input, process it and gives us as output." ( ÓKw¤úDUvi nj Ggb GKwU `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿ hv BbcyU †_‡K Avmv Z_¨mgyn cÖwµqv-Ki‡Yi ci wbf©yjfv‡e `ªæZ djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i|Ó )

"A Computer is basically an electronics machine capable of receiving, sorting and manipulating  data  which is represented electrically. The manipulating of data called  processing  can  involve  mathematical  and  logical operation. Computer does not  have  an  inborn ability to make choices. It must be given a set of detailed instructions called a program which tell it how to respond  under  different circumstances."

Computer kãwU MÖxK kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| "Compute" ‡_‡K Computer kãwUi DrcwË| Computer Gi A_© nj - MYYv Kivi hš¿ ev wnmveKvix hš¿| ïay MYYv Kivi hš¿ ej‡j Kw¤úDUvi‡K A‡bK Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lv n‡e| GUv GKBmv‡_ wnmveKvix hš¿ Ges Av‡iv A‡bK wKQy| Gi Øviv †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸b, fvM, hyw³ Ges wm×všÍg~jK KvRI Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i i‡q‡Q A‡bK B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx, hv gyû‡Z© RwUj Ges KwVb me KvR Abvqv‡m Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¯úDUvi wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b wbR †_‡K wKQy K‡i bv, we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi‡K Zvi †evaMg¨ fvlvq KgvÛ ev wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq| BbcyUK„Z wb‡`©k ev Kgv‡Ûi djvdj Kw¤úDUvi AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z Ges wbfy©jfv‡e AvDUcyU As‡k cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii msw¶ß GKwU mÁv n‡Z cv‡i -

 Ó Kw¤úDUvi nj KZ¸‡jv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ, mdUIq¨vi Øviv wbqwš¿Z GKwU `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿ hv BbcyU †_‡K Avmv Z_¨mg~n cÖK…qvKi‡Yi ci wbf©yjfv‡e AvDUcyU As‡k djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i|Ó

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Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm

Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi Ges Gi µgvbœwZi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i wewfbœ weÁvbxi D™¢vebx kw³ I M‡elYvi ¯^v¶i| cÖvPxb Ge¨vKvm ˆZwii ci †_‡K ïiæ nq Gi AMÖhvÎv| 1622  L„óv‡ã Rvgv©bxi DBwjqvg A‡UªW (William Oughtred) mviKzjvi ¯øvBW iæj Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Gi c‡ii ermi †m †`‡kiB DBwjqvg wkKvW©  (William Schikard) ¸Yb KvR‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ Gear ev PvKv PvwjZ GKwU hš¿ D™¢veb K‡ib| Gici 1642 mv‡j ‡eøBm c¨vm‡Kj  Mechanical  Calculator  Avwe®‹vi  K‡ib|  1671 mv‡j jvB‡ewb_ Mechanical Calculator Gi A‡bK DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| 1832 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi  Awaevwm †ej j¨ve‡iUwii cÖwZôvZv Pvj©m †e‡eR (Charles Babbage) jMvwi`gmn  MvwYwZK  wnmv‡ei  Rb¨   Difference - Engine  Ges   1833  L„óv‡ã  Analytical - Engine  Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|  ‡mBmv‡_ wZwb avibv w`‡Z m¶g nb GKwU AvaywbK  Kw¤úDUv‡ii MVb m¤ú‡K©| GKvi‡Y Pvj©m †e‡eR‡K AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq|

†m mgq Bs‡iwR Kwe jW© evqi‡bi my‡hvM¨ Kb¨v AMv÷v evqib (Augusta Ada Byron), Pvj©m †e‡e‡Ri ÓGbvwjwUK¨vj BwÄbÓ Gi Rb¨ mdU&Iq¨vi ˆZwi K‡ib| GRb¨ AMv÷v evqib‡K we‡k¦i cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvgvi ejv n‡q _v‡K| Gici 1937 mv‡j IBM †Kv¤úvbx Mark 1 bv‡g cÖ_g Kw¤úDUviwU ˆZwi K‡i| GUv wQj 51 dzU j¤^vI  8 dzU  DuPz| Ges  Gi IRb wQj  5 Ub| Z‡e A‡bK mxgve×Zvi  Kvi‡Y GB Kw¤úDUviwU†K 15 eQ‡ii †ekx  Pvjv‡bv  m¤¢e  nqwb| hy³iv‡óªi ˆZwi 1951 mv‡j UNIVAC 1 bvgK Kw¤úDUviwU nj me© cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ ˆZwi B‡jKwUªK Kw¤úDUvi hv wbD‡gwiK Ges †U·Pzqvj WvUv ev Z_¨ wb‡q wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cviZ|

1954 mv‡j IBM †Kv¤úvbx IBM  650  bv‡gi  Kw¤úDUvi  w`‡q  cÖ_g Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| †Zi eQi Av‡M UªvbwR÷vi Avwe®K…Z n‡jI 1960 mv‡ji cieZx© mg‡q f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© Gi e¨envi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi ¶z`ª †_‡K ¶z`ªZi Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j Kg we`¨yr w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi my‡qvM ˆZwi nq | Kg we`¨yr e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Kg‡Z ïiæ K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii `vg| 1971 mv‡j Dr. Ted Hoff  cÖ‡mmi ev IC Gi me¸‡jv Dcv`vb GKwU wmwjKb wPc‡mi g‡a¨ GKwÎZ K‡i Intel 8008 bvgK gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Øviv ˆZwi mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi| 1975 mv‡ji ïiæ‡Z MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry System) Gi cÖ‡KŠkjx H. Edward Roberts Øviv wWRvBbK…Z Altair -880 bvgK Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÖ_g gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi Ges H. Edward Roberts †K cÖ_g gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq| Altair -880 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi evRv‡i Avmvi ci ciB A‡bK¸‡jv mdU&Iq¨vi cÖwZôv‡bi m„wó nq| Digital Research Gi Gary  Kildall GB gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Rb¨ CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessor ) Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug mdU&Iq¨viwU ˆZwi K‡ib| gvB‡µvmd&‡Ui cÖwZôvZv wej †MBUm& Operating System QD-DOS (Quick and Dirty -DOS) Gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i iv‡Lb PC-DOS (Personal Computer- Disk Operating System)  1981 mv‡j AvB we Gg GB   PC-DOS Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug m¤^wjZ PC bvgK Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o hv Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Z GK hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b Av‡b| Gici wej †MBUm& Zvi Acv‡iwUs wmm‡U‡gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i iv‡Lb MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) | c‡i wZwb GUv‡K Av‡iv DbœZ K‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb GK Amvavib MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug Windows 3.11, Windows 95,  Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows Xp,   Windows Vista,   Windows 7,   Windows 8 hvi me¸‡jv ms¯‹iY Kg‡ewk mevi Kv‡Q AwaK RbwcÖq| ïay Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug bq Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvwM wewfbœ ai‡bi mdU&Iq¨vi Ges †Mgm ˆZwi‡ZI G cÖwZôvbwUi GwM‡q i‡q‡Q| ZvB wbw`©avq ejv hvq gvB‡µvmdU&B n‡”Q eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Zi me‡P‡q ¶gZvkvjx mdU&Iq¨vi cÖwZôvb |

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥  

N‡i e‡m Lye mn‡R weÁv‡bi ‡h we®§qKi Ae`vb Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi KiwQ Zv wKš‘ GKw`‡b ˆZwi nqwb| wewfbœ chv©q ev wewfbœ cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb AwZµg K‡i Z‡eB eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq G‡m‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbxiv AvB we Gg Gi GKwU weÁvcb †_‡K GB mgqKvj‡K cÖRb¥ wn‡m‡e fvM Kivi cÖ_v Pvjy K‡ib| ‡m wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi DrcwËi ïiæ †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K wb‡Pi gZ K‡qKwU cÖR‡b¥ wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q | wb‡P †m¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv nj|

Rb¥jMœ cÖRb¥ (Introduction Generation) 1937 - 1951  

1937 mvj †_‡K 1951 mvj ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¥jMœ ev m~Pbv cÖRb¥ e‡j| G mgqKvj‡K Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwii cÖ_g ¯Íi aiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi ‰Zwi‡Z evqyk~b¨ wUD‡ei e¨envi Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj ABC, ENIAC, EDSAC, cÖf„wZ wKQy Kw¤úDUvi |

cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation)  1951 - 1959

1951 †_‡K 1959 mvj ch©šÍ GB cÂvk `k‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi‡KB cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq| G mgq Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi‡Z we‡kl K‡i UNIVAC 1 Kw¤úDUv‡i B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©Umg~‡n f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei e¨envi cÖPjb ïiæ nq | d‡j G Kw¤úDUvi †ek RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ wQj - B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©Umg~‡n e¨vcKfv‡e f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei e¨envi, B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bxi Pz¤^Kxq Wªvg e¨envi,  BbcyU AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e cv Kv‡W©i e¨envi, cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZfvÛvi wn‡m‡e g¨vM‡bwUK U¨v‡ci e¨envi, mxwgZ Z_¨aviY¶gZv , wekvj AvKvi mn‡R ¯’vbvšÍi A‡hvM¨Zv, i¶Yv‡e¶Y e¨q I DËvc mgm¨v, Kg wbf©ikxjZv cÖf„wZ| G cÖR‡b¥i K‡qKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg nj -UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 704, IBM 709, MARK II, MARK III cÖf„wZ|

wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second  Generation)  1959 - 1965

1959 †_‡K 1965 mv‡ji ga¨eZx© mgqKvj‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii wØZxq cÖRb¥ aiv nq | G RvZxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj -B‡jKwUªK eZ©bx mg~‡n f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© UªvbwR÷‡ii e¨envi| 1947 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z William B. Shokly , Jon Berdeen Ges H. Bratain mwb¥wjZ fv‡e GB UªvbwR÷i ˆZwi K‡ib| d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi ¶z`ª †_‡K AviI ¶z`ªZi Kivi m¤¢vebv ‰Zwi nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i UªvbwR÷i e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y we`¨yr LiP A‡bK K‡g hvq, ev‡o Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ Ges wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv| wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z cÖ_g nvB †j‡fj †jb¸‡qR †hgb- Forturn , Cobol cÖf„wZ e¨envi ïiæ nq| G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡i †Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡bi gva¨‡g WvUv †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v ïiæ nq| G mg‡qi Av‡iv GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Avwe®‹vi nj ASCII (American Standard Code for International Intercgange) ‡Kv‡Wi D™¢veY| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖ_g GB cÖR‡b¥i GKwU Kw¤úDUvi (IBM - 1620) XvKvi cigvby kw³‡K‡›`ª Avbv nq|  Honeywell 200, IBM-1620, IBM - 1400, CDC - 1604, RCA- 301, NCR- 300 GE 200, IBM -1600 cÖf„wZ GB cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi|

  

Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation) 1965-1971

1965 †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©šÍ GB mgqKvj‡K Z…Zxq cÖRb¥  wn‡m‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq| G mg‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i IC (Integrated Curcuit) ev mgwš^Z wP‡ci e¨envi ïiæ nq| IC Ggb GKwU wPc hv‡Z Wv‡qvU, UªvbwR÷vi Ges Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwb· hš¿vsk  _v‡K| mgwš^Z wP‡ci `ªæZ DbœwZi d‡j m¤úyb© †K›`ªxq cÖK…qvKiY Ask GKwU wP‡c avib Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi A‡bK †QvU n‡q Av‡m| G mgq wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ‰Zwii KvR e¨vcKfv‡e ïiæ nq|

mËi `k‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K hy³iv‡R¨i Ugvm KvU©R Ges Wb †K‡gwb BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) fvlvi D™¢veY K‡ib | G mg‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ gwbU‡ii e¨envi, BbcyU wWfvBm- gvDm Ges Kx‡ev‡W©i DbœwZ Ges AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e VDU (Video Display Unit) Gi e¨envi Ges D”P MwZi jvBb wcÖ›Uv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ nq| IBM -360, IBM -370, PDP -8, PDP - 11, GE 600 cÖf„wZ G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii D`vniY|

PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Forth Generation) 1971-1995

1971 mvj †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K PZz_© cÖRb¥ aiv nq| Gmgq LSI (Large Scale Integration ) Ges VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) cÖhyw³ Øviv ˆZwi Microprocessor  e¨envi Kiv nq| d‡j Kw¤úDUvi‡K Av‡iv †QvU AvKv‡i evbv‡bv m¤¢e nq| G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi AwaK Z_¨ avib¶gZvmn AwaK Kvh©¶g I wbf©i‡hvM¨| G mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ D™¢vweZ nq, we‡kl K‡i ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) cÖf„wZ | Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥ †gBb‡d«g I wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ‰Zwi Kiv n‡jI PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i wgwb Ges †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi AwaK kw³kvjx, Kvh©¶g I ˆewkó¨m¤^wjZ| mdU&Iq¨v‡i Rvqv›U wn‡m‡e L¨vZ gvB‡µvmdU& K‡c©v‡ikb MS-DOS Ges WINDOWS Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug ˆZwi K‡i c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡`i GKK AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mg_© nq| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 100 wgwjqb KvR Ki‡Z m¶g CRAY-1 bv‡gi mycvi Kw¤úDUvi G mgq ˆZwi nq| AvB we Gg  †Kv¤úvwb evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g Microprocessor Øviv ‰Zwi Microcomputer ev PC (Personal Computer) ‰Zwi ïiæ K‡i| PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi ej‡Z Avm‡j PC ev cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUvi‡KB eywS‡q _v‡K|   

cÂg Ges fwel¨r cÖRb¥  (Fifth and Future Generation)

eZ©gvb mgqKvj‡K PZ‚_© cÖRb¥ wn‡m‡e Mb¨ Kiv n‡jI 1981 mv‡j Rvcv‡b 14 wU †`‡ki cÖvq 300 Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx I cÖ‡KŠkjx GK Kbdv‡i‡Ý 1995 mv‡ji c‡i ˆZwiK…Z mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| ejv nq cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi n‡e K…wÎg eyw× m¤úbœ hv gvby‡li fvlv‡K Abyaveb K‡i wbR¯^ fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i †m Abyhvqx wewfbœ Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri cwiwa

hw`I MYbv KvR‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kw¤úDUv‡ii DrcwË Z_vwc AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q mewKQy‡Z| Ávb weÁv‡bi †h me kvLvq †hŠw³K Ges MvwYwZK wnmv‡ei cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q †mme cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvqMvq Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi RwoZ i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri †¶Î GZ wekvj Ges w`b w`b †h fv‡e Gi we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q Zv‡Z K‡i †Kvbfv‡e e‡j ev wj‡L Gi †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii D‡j­L‡hvM¨ †¶Î¸wj nj : gnvKvk M‡elYv, weÁvb M‡elYv, wPwKrmv, wbivcËv, wk¶v, e¨vsK, exgv, meai‡bi Awdm, wbg©vb KvR, mvgwiK, †Ljvayjv, e¨emv-evwYR¨, †hvMv‡hvM, wkí-KviLvbv , K…wl, cÖKvkbv, A_©-evRvi ev ÷K G·‡PÄ, wewjs wmm‡Ug, AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm, B-‡gBj, e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªix, WvUv cÖ‡mwms cÖf„wZ|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri mxgve×Zv

mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri weKvk n‡jI Ggb wKQy wKQy KvR Av‡Q †h¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb: -

       Computer can not decide how to be programed

       Computer can not provide its own data

       Computer can not interpret dat

       Computer can not implement decisions

       Computer can not think

‡Kvb Program G hZ¶Y ch©šÍ Gi mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kgvjv †`qv bv n‡”Q ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ Kw¤úDUvi wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GUv wbR †_‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Program wU wK iKg n‡e| Avevi Kw¤úDUvi wbR †_‡K ‡Kvb Data Input Ges Gi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i bv | GUv  ‡Kvb iKg hvwš¿K ÎæwUI †givgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hv †Kej gvbyl cv‡i|

Kv‡Ri w`K †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

Kv‡Ri w`K †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q | †hgb :

1. GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi (Analog Computer)

2. wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi (Digital Computer) I

3. nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (Hybrid Computer)

bx‡P GB wZb iK‡gi Kw¤úDUv‡ii eY©bv †`Iqv nj:

GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi (Analog Computer)

wgUvi ev KvUvi mvnv‡h¨ e¯‘i †fŠZ  cwieZ©b  †K  cwigvc  Kivi  Rb¨  ‡hme Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi  (Analog Computer)  e‡j |  GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi Mvwo, ivmvqwbK, †c‡Uªvwjqvg I Lv`¨ cÖK…qvKiY wk‡í e¨eüZ nq|

wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi (Digital Computer)

Binary Digit (1,0) Gi Dci wfwË  K‡i  †hme  Kw¤úDUvi KvR Ki‡Z m¶g,  †m¸‡jv‡K wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi  (Digital Computer) e‡j | G  RvZxq  Kw¤úDUvi Binary Digit ‡K  Signal G iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i| Binary Digit Gi 1 n‡”Q ON Ges 0 n‡”Q OFF| Gfv‡e  ON  OFF,  ON  OFF wmMbv‡ji gva¨‡g  Kw¤úDUvi  KvR  K‡i _v‡K | wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi MvwYwZK Ges hyyw³gyjK KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i | d‡j `y‡e©va¨, RwUj Ges KwVb me Kv‡R  wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi  e¨envi  Kiv n‡”Q | Avgiv N‡i evB‡i  †hme Kw¤úDUvi GLb e¨envi KiwQ Zvi cÖvq meB wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi | gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi, wgwb Kw¤úDUvi Ges mycvi Kw¤úDUviB nj wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi|  

nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (Hybrid Computer)  

GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgš^‡q †h Kw¤úDUvi  MwVZ  Zv‡K nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (Hybrid Computer) e‡j |  wPwKrmv ‡¶‡Î GB RvZxq Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq |

AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

AvK…wZMZw`K †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb:

1.         mycvi Kw¤úDUvi  (Super Computer)

2.         †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi  (Mainframe Computer)

3.         wgwb Kw¤úDUvi  (Mini Computer)

4.         gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)

mycvi Kw¤úDUvi  (Super Computer)

AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K mycvi Kw¤úDUvi nj me‡P‡q eo Kw¤úDUvi| Gi Z_¨ msi¶Y I KvR Kivi ¶gZv AZ¨waK| GKB mgq `yBk R‡biI †ewk e¨enviKvix G‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †ewk e¨qeûj nIqvi Kvi‡Y ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv, gnvKvk M‡elYv, ‡¶cbv¯¿ wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` RwUj Ges KwVb Kv‡R GB Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQy mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg nj- ‡gqvi‡bv÷ªvg,  _vÛvi, wm wc Gg 5, G Gm wm AvB wKD, wmm‡Ug G· cÖf„wZ|

†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi  (Mainframe Computer)

AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi nj mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU Kw¤úDUvi|  Gi ¶gZv I Kv‡Ri MwZI mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q Kg| G‡Z GKB mg‡q cÖvq Avwk R‡biI †ewk e¨enviKvix KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| IBM 4341, IBM 3033, NCRN8370 cÖf„wZ †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi|

wgwb Kw¤úDUvi  (Mini Computer)

wgwb Kw¤úDUvi AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K mycvi Ges †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU, Kg MwZ Ges Kg ¶gZv m¤úbœ| GUvI GKwU gvwë wmm‡Ug BDRvi Kw¤úDUvi n‡jI cÖvq †PŠÏ R‡biI †ewk e¨enviKvix GKB mgq GUv‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| NOVA 3, PDP11, IBMS/34, IBMS/36  cÖf„wZ wgwb Kw¤úDUvi | 

gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)

AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q †QvU Kw¤úDUviwU‡K ejv nq gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi| GB RvZxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb  ˆewkó¨ nj †h  G¸‡jv GKB mgq GKRb BDRvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Lye mn‡R GUv‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| Gi GKwU nj  IBM Ges AciwU nj Apple Kw¤úDUvi|

1971 mv‡j cÖ_g gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹vi nq| gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi Øviv †h mg¯Í Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K IBM Kw¤úDUvi e‡j| c¶všÍ‡i w÷f IwRwbqvK I w÷f Rem bv‡gi `yBRb f`ª‡jvU bZzb ai‡bi AvB wm (BbwU‡MÖ‡UW mviwKU) e¨envi ˆZwi K‡ib G¨vcj Kw¤úDUvi| 1985 mv‡j GB RvZxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii evRvi RvZ ïiæ nq| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ IBM Kw¤úDUvi|

IBM Kw¤úDUv‡ii MVb

hw`I IBM Kw¤úDUv‡ii c~b©v½ avibv cvIqvi Rb¨ mdU&Iq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg AšÍify³ Z_vwc mdUIq¨vi ev †cÖvMªv‡gi †Kvb †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv †bB weavq Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMV‡b  Input Unit, CPU Unit I Output Unit GB wZbwU welq‡K aiv n‡q _v‡K|

INPUT UNIT ev MÖnb gyL

Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ ev †Kvb mgm¨vi djvdj †ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g WvUv ev KgvÛ Kw¯úDUv‡i XyKv‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ WvUv ev DcvË †`qvi †h gva¨g †mUv‡K Input Unit  e‡j| †hgb: Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Microphone, Scanner, Digital Camera, Touch pad BZ¨vw`|

CPU UNIT

CPU nj Central Processing Unit Gi msw¶ßiæc| GB wefvMwU wZbwU ¯^Zš¿ As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ |  Ask wZbwU nj : Memory, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Ges CU (Control Unit)| Avevi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j CPU ej‡Z A‡bK mgq cÖ‡mmi‡KB eywS‡q _v‡K|

Memory (¯§„wZ) 

gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i gZ Computer I wewfbœ Z_¨ ev wb‡`©kvejx Zvi Memory ‡Z msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i | Kw¤úDUv‡i mvavibZ `yB ai‡bi Memory _v‡K | †hgb :

      (1)  Main Memory ev Internal Memory  (A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ )

      (2)  Auxiliary Memory ev  External Memory (¯’vqx ¯§„wZ)

Main Memory ev Internal Memory

A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Main Memory ev Internal Memory) ‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb :

RAM (Random Access Memory) I

ROM (Read Only Memory) |

RAM (Random Access Memory)

GUv GKwU A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ | Input †_‡K Avmv mg¯Í Z_¨ Ram G G‡m Rgv nq  Ges KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|  Ram G †h†Kvb ai‡bi Z_¨ ms‡hvRb, ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| Z‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i B‡jKwUªK mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡j G‡Z RgvK…Z mKj Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| Ram Gi mvB‡Ri Dci Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri ¶gZv cÖKvk cvq|

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯§„wZi GB As‡k Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ Z_¨vejx Ges ASCII ‡KvW (American  Standard Code for Information  Interchange) wjwce× _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i B‡jKwUªK mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡jI GB ¯§„wZ gy‡Q hvq bv|

Auxiliary Memory ev  External Memory (¯’vqx ¯§„wZ)

GB Memory †Z e¨enviKvixi Z_¨‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶b Kiv hvq| †hgb : Floppy Diskette, Hard Disk, CD (Compact Disk) Flash Memory ev Pen Drive cÖf„wZ|

 

‡g‡gvix cwigv‡ci GKK

‡g‡gvix cwigv‡ci GKK n‡”Q  Byte (evBU) | Byte AvUwU msL¨vi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GB msL¨v Alphabetic, Numeric ev ASCII †Kv‡Wi AšÍif~³ †h †Kvb mvB‡bi Gi  mgš^‡q  n‡Z cv‡i|

8  BIT                         = 01 Byte

1024 (210)  BYTE      = 01 Kilobyte

1024 (210) KB           = 01 Megabyte

1024 (210) MB          = 01 Gigabyte

1024 (210) GB           = 01 Terabyte

BIT Ges BYTE

weU (BIT) kãwUi DrcwË Binary Digit †_‡K | Binary Digit (O A_ev 1) n‡”Q  Kw¤úDUv‡i B‡jKUªwbK wmMbvj hvi A_© Off ev On|  Kw¤úDUvi AbeiZ Off On, Off On cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g KvR K‡i _v‡K| Aciw`‡K evBU (Byte)  n‡”Q  AvU msL¨v ev K¨v‡i±vi ev mvB‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU MÖæc hv †g‡gvix cwigv‡ci GKK wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

ALU  (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ev cvwUMwYZ, hyw³, GKK  

G As‡k cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb, hyw³ I wm×všÍg~jK KvR msNwUZ nq| †hgb: (Mathmetical) 3+3=6, 3-2=1, 3*3=9;  (Logical)   Y/N (Yes/No); True/False cÖf„wZ|

CU (Control Unit) ev wbqšb wefvM 

G Ask Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki mgš^q mvab K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg¯Í Kvhv©ejx wbqš¿b K‡i|

OUTPUT UNIT ev djvdj cÖ`vb  

Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb wb‡`©k Input Gi gva¨‡g MÖnb K‡i wbqš¿‡Ki wb‡`©‡k ¯§„wZfvÛv‡ii mnvqZvq †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg m¤ú‡bœi ci mgvavbwU †h wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g e¨enviKvix‡K w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K Output Unit e‡j|  Monitor, Printer, Speaker cÖf„wZB nj Output Unit.

HARDWARE ev hš¿cvwZ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ hv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii AeKvVv‡gv ejv hvq †mMy‡jvB Hardware| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ mKj Internal I  External Physical Components †K Hardware e‡j| Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse,  Case, Power Cable cÖf„wZ|

SOFTWARE

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ †h mvwie× myk„•Lj wb‡`©k †`qv nq Zv‡K mvaviY A‡_© Software e‡j| Software wZb cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb : 

 (1) System Software

 (2) Application Software

 (3) Firmware

System Software 

Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi ev hš¿wU‡K Kvh©¶g K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ mdU&Iq¨vi‡K System Software e‡j|  Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Kw¤úDUvi KZ¸‡jv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ hv Ro c`v_© Qvov Avi wKQyB bv | G¸‡jv‡K RxešÍ Kivi Rb¨ ev Hardware (Computer) †K w`‡q Kvw•LZ dj Av`vq Kivi Rb¨ †h Software e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K System Software ev Operating System Software e‡j| GUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| Computer †K cy‡ivcywi wbqš¿‡b Avbvi Rb¨B Operating System e¨envi Kiv nq|  Operating System Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKwU †mZz ˆZwi K‡i | GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i GK ev GKvwaK  Operating System ivLv hvq| DOS, WINDOWS, MacOS, OS2, LINAX  cÖf„wZ nj Operating System Software.

Application Software 

‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨, Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i GiKg fvlvq ˆZwiK„Z mvwie× mym„•Lj wb‡`©kvejx‡K mvaviY A‡_© e¨envwiK Software ev  Application Software e‡j| G‡K e¨envwiK Program I ejv hvq|  mywbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v fv‡e Gme evwYwR¨K Software ˆZwi Kiv nq| †hgb : cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ Adobe Pagemaker, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Quark Express cÖf„wZ| Awdm Av`vj†Z Ges  evmvq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ MS Word, MS Excel, G›Uvi‡UBb‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ MS Powerpoint, Windows Media Player, Supper Decoder, Jet Audio, Asus DVD ,WinAmp cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wewfbœ ai‡bi †Mgm& ev Gwcø‡Kkb ev Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug mdUIq¨vi evbv‡bvi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi  †hgb: Visual Basic, Java, C++, Oracle, Qbasic, cÖf„wZ|

Firmware

Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kivi mgq Kw¤úDUvi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb KZ©„K ROM G †`Iqv wKQy †cÖvMÖvg  hv Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvq AZ¨vek¨K Ges evi evi e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Firmware e‡j| mdUIq¨vi gyQv hvq wKš‘ Firmware gyQv hvq bv|

wØZxq Aa¨vq
nvW©Iq¨vi cwiwPwZ

Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bKmgq A‡bKiKg mgm¨vq c‡o _vwK| GB mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i nvW©Iq¨vi wKsev mdU&Iq¨v‡ii | mdU&Iq¨v‡ii mgm¨v n‡j †mUv hZ `ªæZ mvwi‡q †bqv hvq nvW©Iq¨v‡ii ÎæwU ZZUv mn‡R hvq bv | nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Kv‡Ri cwiwa wekvj Ges e¨vcK n‡jI nvW©Iq¨vi ev wWfvBm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© fvj avibv _vK‡j, Gi Kvh©KvixZv Rvbv _vK‡j `ªæZ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnb Kiv m¤¢e nq| GB Aa¨v‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hZiKg hš¿cvwZ ev nvW©Iq¨vi e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K †m¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

wmwcBD (CPU) 

Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨v‡ii K_v ej‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡g Av‡m †Kwms (CASE) Gi cÖmsM|  ‡h e·wU‡K Avgiv gwbU‡ii cv‡k wKsev Kw¤úDUvi †Uwe‡ji bx‡P ¯’vcb K‡i _vwK ‡mUv nj wmwcBD| GB wmwcBD Gi g‡a¨  ‡Kvb nvW©Iq¨vi Bb÷j Kiv bv n‡j  A_©vr bZzb ev Lvwj Ae¯’vq GUv‡K ejv nq †Kwms, †Km ev †Kwe‡bU| bZzb ‡Kwms Gi wfZi GKwU cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU ev GWvÞvi _v‡K| †Kwms n‡Z cv‡i †W¯‹Uc wKsev G wU G· UvIqvi | †Kwms Gi g‡a¨ i¨vg (Memory), Arithmetic Logic Unit Ges Control Unit mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K e‡j GUv‡K CPU (Central processing unit) ejv nq| bx‡Pi Qwe‡Z GKwU G wU G· †Kwms †`Lv‡bv nj- 

  

GKwU G wU G· †Kwms Gi mvg‡bi w`K †`L‡Z GiKg nq| Gi Dc‡i GK ev GKvwaK WªvBf †e (Bay) _v‡K †hLv‡b AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm ev wmwW / wWwfwW WªvBf mshy³ Kiv hvq| †Kwms G GKwU K‡i cvIqvi Ges wi‡mU evUb _v‡K| cvIqvi evUb Øviv  Kw¤úDUvi Ab-Ad Kiv nq| Avm‡j cvIqvi evUb w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi‡K ïay Ab Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Ad Kivi Rb¨ Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug †_‡K kvU WvDb (Shutdown) Ki‡Z nq| cvIqvi evUb †P‡c eÜ Kiv‡K †Rvi c~e©K eÜ (Fource Shutdown) Kiv e‡j| GUv e¨envi bv KivB fvj|   A‡bK  mgq   cvIqvi  evUbwU Pvi ‡m‡KÛ †P‡c a‡i ivL‡j Ad  cªwµqv Kvh©Ki nq | GUv wbf©i K‡i ev‡qvm (Bios) †mwUs‡m Gi cwieZ©‡bi Dci| cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Kwms G GKwU K‡i cvIqvi †jW ev wMÖb jvBU Ges nvW© wW¯‹ †jW _v‡K| wMÖb jvBUwU cvIqvi †c‡j R¡j‡Z _v‡K Avi nvW© wW¯‹ †jW hLb Kw¤úDUvi ev nvW© wW¯‹ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K ev wewR _v‡K ZLb wgUwgU K‡i R¡‡j Ges †b‡f| wb‡Pi QwewU GKwU GwUG· †Kwms Gi wcQ‡bi w`K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Zvi (Cable) GLv‡b B›Uvi‡dwms Ki‡Z nq| AC Input As‡k cvIqvi †Kej mivmwi ev BD wc Gm †_‡K G‡b jvMv‡Z n‡e|

  

AC Output As‡k e¨vK Uz e¨vK ( cvIqvi mvcøvB †_‡K gwbU‡i cvIqvi mieivn Kivi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi cvIqvi †Kej ) cvIqvi †Ke‡ji GK cÖvšÍ  jvMv‡Z n‡e| †Ke‡ji Ab¨ cÖvšÍ wM‡q jvM‡e gwbU‡i| hv‡`i gwbUi GjBwW ev GUvi cvIqv‡ii Rb¨ GWvÞvi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Zv‡`i GB Ask e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| A_ev hviv gwbU‡i BDwcGm †_‡K cvIqvi wb‡Z Pvb Zviv GB AskwUi e¨envi ev` w`‡Z cv‡ib|

‡Kwms Gi wcQ‡b cvIqvi mvcøvB Gi wfZi GKwU d¨vb mshy³ _v‡K hv evB‡i †_‡K `„k¨gvb nq| GUv 5 wKsev 12 †fvë †c‡j Nyi‡Z _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi fvj iv_vi Rb¨ GUv 12 †fv‡ë me©ÿY  ‡hb P‡j †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z nq| AviI GKwU d¨vb ‡Kwms Gi wcQ‡b †`Lv hvq GUv‡K †Pwmm d¨vb e‡j| GUv wmwcBD VvÛv ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GUv _vKv bv _vKv, ivLv bv ivLv Hw”QK |

‡Kwms Gi wcQ‡b GKwU ‡cvm©b _v‡K †hLv‡b Kx‡evW©, gvDm, wfwRG,  c¨vivjvj †cvU©, BDGmwe, j¨vb w¯úKvi cÖf„wZ jvMv‡bv nq|  GB RvqMvwU‡K ejv nq BbcyU AvDUcyU c¨v‡bj| Gi bx‡P G·Uvibvj GwRwc / wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm KvW© jvMv‡bv nq| GUv Hw”QK| AwaK †iR~¨j~kb MÖvwd· mdU&Iq¨vi ev †Mgm Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡b‡K evowZ GB KvW©wU GLv‡b jvwM‡q _v‡K| Gi bx‡P GK ev GKvwaK wc wm AvB †¯øvU _v‡K  †hLv‡b  wewfbœai‡bi wc wm AvB KvW©  †hgb : BD Gm we B›Uvibvj wUwf KvW©, B›Uvibvj d¨v· g‡Wg, j¨vb, mvDÛ KvW© cªf„wZ e¨envi Kiv hvq|  

cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU (PSU)

AwaKvsk ‡Kwms Gi wcQ‡b 86 wgwjwgUvi ˆ`N©¨, 150 wgwjwgUvi cÖ¯’ Ges 140 wgwjwgUvi DPz †gUvj †¯‹vqvi AvKv‡ii GKwU e· jvMv‡bv _v‡K|  GUv‡K  cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU e‡j|  GKwU cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj hš¿vs‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨~r cÖevn wbwðr K‡i|

Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU fvj gv‡bi cvIqvi mvcøvB‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg | Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ewkifvM Kw¤úDUvi Iqv‡iw›Ui mgqmxgv cvi nevi Av‡MB bó nevi Ab¨Zg KviY wb¤œgv‡bi cvIqvi mvcøvB e¨envi Kiv| wb¤œgv‡bi cvIqvi mvcøvB¸‡jv 200 ev 250 ch©šÍ IqvU  ( IqvU =†fv‡ëR x G‡¤úqvi) cvIqvi mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw`I A‡bK cvIqvi mvcøvB‡qi Mv‡q 400-500 IqvU †jLv _v‡K wKš‘ Avm‡j †m¸‡jv mwVK bq| GKwU fvj gv‡bi Kw¤úDUvi fvj Pjvi Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ 350 ev Gi AwaK Iqv‡Ui cvIqvi mvcøvB e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡Pi wPÎwU‡Z  cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwb‡Ui Bbdi‡gkb †Kv_vq wKfv‡e †`qv _v‡K †mUv †`Lv‡bv nj-

wb‡P GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv nj | Gi †_‡K †evSv hv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ h¯¿vsk †KvbUvi Rb¨ KZ IqvU cvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb|

gv`vi‡evW© 20 †_‡K 30 IqvU

i¨vg 10 IqvU cÖwZ 128 †gMvevB‡Ui Rb¨

nvW© wW¯‹ 5 †_‡K 15 IqvU

wmwW wWwfwW ev AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm 10 †_‡K 25 IqvU

GwRwc KvW© 20 †_‡K 30 IqvU

wcwmAvB KvW© 5 IqvU

j¨vb KvW© 4 †_‡K 5 IqvU

Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKwUªK h‡š¿i gZ Kw¤úDUviI AC (Alternet Current) ‡Z P‡j bv| cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU Ggb GKwU KbfvU©vi ev GWvÞvi hv B‡jKwUªwmwU Kv‡i›U‡K AC †_‡K DC †Z cwieZ©b K‡i| GB BDwb‡Ui gva¨‡g Lye mn‡R 220-240 watt AC B‡jKwUªwmwU Kv‡i›U‡K +5, -5 , +12 , -12 V DC †Z  cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e| GUvi GK cv‡k _v‡K AC Kv‡b±i hv  Øviv 220-250 IqvU BbcyU ‡bqv hvq Ges Gi Ab¨ cv‡k _v‡K 5 ‡_‡K 8 wU DC AvDUcyU Kv‡b±i |  cÖ‡Z¨K Connector G Avevi 4 wU K‡i Zvi _v‡K| AT cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwb†U `ywU 6 wc‡bi Ges ATX cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwb†U GKwU 20 wc‡bi Ges GKwU 4 wc‡bi  Kv‡b±i _v‡K hv gv`vi‡evW© Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq | Zvi¸‡jvi is Black, Red, Yellow, Ges  blue n‡q _v‡K| wb†P GKwU cvIqvi mvcøvB‡qi mvwK©U WvqvMÖvg †`Lv‡bv nj -

bx‡P cvIqvi mvcøvB‡qi wewfbœ Kv‡b±i (wWwm AvDUcyU) ¸‡jv †KvbUv †Kv_vq B›Uvi‡dwms Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv nj -

24 wcb G wU G· (P1)  :     

cvIqvi mvcøvB‡qi me‡P‡q eo GB Kv‡b±iwU gv`vi‡ev‡W© B›Uvi‡dwms Ki‡Z nq| gv`vi‡ev‡W© cvIqvi mvcøvB Kiv Gi KvR| GB Kv‡b±‡i wc‡bi msL¨v 24| wb‡P 24 wc‡bi †KvbUvi wK is Ges wK KvR wPÎmn †`Lv‡bv nj-

GB Kv‡b±iwUi mvnv‡h¨ cvIqvi mvcøvB fvj Av‡Q wKbv Zvi cÖv_wgK cixÿv Kiv hvq| meyR wc‡bi mv‡_ †h †Kvb Kv‡jv (MÖvDÛ ev Av_©) wcb mU© K‡i w`‡j, hw` cvIqvi mvcøvBwU fvj _v‡K Zvn‡j Gi d¨vbwU Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| bv¤^vi wn‡m‡e GUv n‡e 14 Ges 15 b¤^i wcb| Avi hw` bó nq Zvn‡j Nyi‡e bv|

4 wcb 12 †fvë :

†cw›Uqvg †dvi bZzb g‡W‡ji Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Avmvi ci 4 wcb 12 †fvë Kv‡b±iwUi e¨envwiK hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| GUv gv`vi‡ev‡W© Kv‡b± Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡mmi‡K 12 ‡fvë we`¨yr †`qvB Gi KvR|

4 wcb †gv‡j· :

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ †cwi‡divj †hgb nvW© wW¯‹ Ges AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm mg~‡ni cvIqvi ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GB Pvi wc‡bi Kv‡b±iwU e¨eüZ nq|

15 wcb mvUv :

Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ mvUv nvW© wW¯‹ Ges AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm mg~‡ni cvIqvi ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GB 15 wc‡bi Kv‡b±iwU e¨eüZ nq|

6 wcb wc wm AvB G·‡cÖm :

mKj cvIqvi mvcøvB G GB Kv‡b±i _v‡K bv | A‡bK `vwg wc Gm BD †Z GUv _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i †Mgm ev MÖvwdKm wWRvB‡bi KvR myPviæiƒ‡c Kivi Rb¨ bZzb ai‡bi wc wm AvB KvW© jvMv‡j Z‡eB 6 wcb wc wm AvB G·‡cÖm hy³ cvIqvi mvcøvB msMÖn K‡i Kv‡b±iwU e¨envi Kiv nq| 

gv`vi‡evW©

‡Kwms Gi g‡a¨ GKwU eo mvwK©U _v‡K †hLv‡b wmwcDB ev cÖ‡mmi, i¨vg Ges Ab¨vb¨ ‡cwi‡divj ev wWfvBm jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi m‡KU ev †¯øvU _v‡K| GUv‡KB gv`vi‡evW© ev †gBb‡evW© ejv nq| nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †ewki fvM KvR GB gv`vi‡evW©‡K †K›`ª K‡i n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi ¸‡jv †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ B›Uvi‡dm ev hy³ _v‡K| ‡evSvi myweav‡_© wb‡P GKwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i †jAvDU †`Iqv nj 

GKwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i AvKvi AvK…wZ Ges †jAvDU‡K dg© d¨v±im (Form Factors) ejv nq | dg© d¨v±im Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kwms Gi AvKvi AvK…wZ Ges wbR¯^ Dcv`vb‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i| dg© d¨v±‡ii g‡a¨ A‡bK ÷¨vÛvW©  wRwml _v‡K hv gv`vi‡ev‡W© A¨vcøvB Kiv nq| †hgb - Kx‡evW©, gvDm, GjwcwUIqvb, BD Gmwe, wfwRG, KwgDwb‡Kkb, mvBR  cÖf„wZ|                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

nvW©Iq¨vi G KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q gv`vi‡ev‡W©i †h welq ¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbv `iKvi †m¸‡jv  m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-

wmwcBD m‡KU  (CPU Socket)

gv`vi‡evW© Gi g‡a¨ mn‡R wmwcBD  (cÖ‡mmi) ev AvB wm  (Integrated Circuit) jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †h  e¨e¯’v  _v‡K  †mUvB  nj m‡KU ( Socket ) |  G‡K wRd m‡KU ( ZIF  Socket) I ejv nq| ZIF K_vwUi A_© nj -  Zero Insertion Force |  

Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Wj ev aiY cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ m‡K‡Ui bv‡giI cwieZ©b N‡U| †hgb : †cbwUqvg Iqvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡KU Gi bvg wQj Socket 7,  †cbwUqvg Uz Ges w_ª †Z Slote 1,    †cbwUqvg w_ª †Z Socket 370  Ges †cbwUqvg 4  G Socket 423, 478, 775, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo 775, Core i Series 1155, 1156, 1336  cÖf„wZ|

m‡KU ev †¯øvU ‡h gv`vi‡evW©B Avgiv e¨envi Kwi bv †Kb cÖ‡mmi ev wmwcBD Gi K¬K (Clock) w¯ú‡Wi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gv`vi †evW© †_‡K G·Uvibvj Rv¤úvi wKsev ev‡qvm †mwUs‡m GUvi evm w¯úW (Bus Speed) , wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ (Frequency)  ev i¨vwkI (Ratio ) wVK K‡i w`‡Z nq|

wb‡P wewfbœ gv`vi‡ev‡W© e¨eüZ m‡K‡Ui bvg †`Iqv nj| GUv †_‡K †evSv hv‡e †Kvb gv`vi‡evW© e¨envi KiwQ ev †Kvb g‡W‡ji Kw¤úDUvi GUv|

Socket 3           : 486  Kw¤úDUv‡ii Gi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq

Socket 7           : †cw›Uqvg 1 Gg Gg G·, mvBwi·, G GgwW cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Slot A              : †cw›Uqvg 1 Bb‡Uj, †m‡jib cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Slot 1               : Pentium II Ges III Bb‡Uj, †m‡jib cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 370       : Pentium III Bb‡Uj, †m‡jib cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 423       : Pentium 4 Bb‡Uj mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 478       : Pentium 4 Bb‡Uj, †m‡jib cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 939       : AMD Athlon  mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 775       : Pentium 4  †m‡jib, Bb‡Uj (Dual Code / Core 2Duo)  cÖf„wZ mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 1155     : Intel Core i 3, 5, 7 (2nd generation) mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 1156     : Intel Core i 3, 5 , 7 (2nd generation) mv‡cvU© K‡i

Socket 1336     : Intel Core i 3, 5, 7      (2nd generation) mv‡cvU© K‡i

i¨vg †¯øvU  (RAM Slots)

gv`vi‡ev‡W© †g‡gvix KvW© jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ RvqMv‡K i¨g †¯øvU ejv nq| K‡qK iK‡gi i¨v‡gi ‡¯øvU gv`vi‡ev‡W© †`Lv hvq| wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© i¨v‡gi †¯øvU †QvU Avevi wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© i¨v‡gi †¯øvU eo n‡q _v‡K| A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU †¯øvU †K SIMM( Single Inline Memory Module) Slot Ges eo †¯øvU †K DIMM (Double Inline Memory Module) Slot e‡j|  SIMM Ram Gi †¯øvU  30 Ges 72 wc‡bi i¨vg jvMv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| Avi DIMM Ram †¯øv‡U 168,184 Ges 240  wc‡bi i¨vg jvMv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡Wi© Ram †¯øv‡U i¨vg jvMv‡bvi Rb¨  wbw`©ó  wi‡Kvq¨vi‡g›U _v‡K|  SIMM Ram Gi †¯øv‡Ui Rb¨ †hgb 66Mhz (Bus speed) Ges 5 Voltage `iKvi †Zgwb  DIMM Ram Gi †¯øv‡Ui Rb¨ 66/100 /133/ 266 /400/533/800/ 1066 /1333 /1666 Mhz  (Bus speed) Ges 2.5 ‡_‡K 3.3 Voltage cÖ‡qvRb |

wc wm AvB †¯øvU  ( PCI Slots )

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) †¯øvU  nj GK ai‡bi †jvKvj evm Kv‡b±i hv 32 wKsev 64 we‡Ui n‡q _v‡K| ‡`L‡Z mv`v Gme ‡¯øv‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb : wfwRG KvW©, mvDÛ KvW©, j¨vb KvW©, wUwf KvW©, K¨vcPvi KvW©, wc wm AvB BD Gm we KvW© cªf„wZ| wcwmAvB †¯øvU Gi UªvÝdvi †iU ‡m‡K‡Û m‡e©v”P 264 †gMvevBU n‡q _v‡K|

PCI 33Mhz x 64 bit = 2112 Mbit/Sec

                              = 2112 Mbit/Sec ÷ 8

                              = 264 MB

AvB Gm G †¯øvU  (ISA Slots)

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) †¯øvU nj GK ai‡bi †jvKvj evm Kv‡b±i hv 4 wKsev 16 we‡Ui n‡q _v‡K| ‡`L‡Z Kv‡jv Gme †¯øv‡UI wewfbœ ai‡bi wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb : wfwRG KvW©, mvDÛ KvW©, j¨vb KvW©, wUwf KvW© cªf„wZ|

cÖ_gw`‡K ISA Slot Gi †ek RbwcÖqZv j¶¨ Kiv †M‡jI 32 bit cÖ‡mmi Avmvi ci Gi RbwcÖqZv Kg‡Z ïiæ K‡i| KviY ISA Slot 16 bit Gi AwaK WvUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi ZvB ISA Slote m¤^wjZ gv`vi‡evW© GLb Avi evRv‡i †`Lv hvq bv|

G·c¨vbkvb †¯øvU (Expansion  Slots)

gv`vi‡ev‡W©i AvwK©‡UKPvi ev m‡KU †hLv‡b G·icbkvb KvW© mshy³ Kiv hvq Zv†K gyjZ G·c¨vbkvb †¯øvU (Expansion Slot) ejv nq |  mvaviYZ  GKwU  Kw¤úDUvi wmm‡Ug GKRb †UKwbwkqvb Qvov †Lvjv hvq bv| AvB we Gg ‡Kv¤úvbx Zv‡`i Kw¤úwUej gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i Expansion slot ms‡hvRb K‡i Kw¤úDUvi  e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ bZyb m¤¢vebvi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb | GKRb BDRvi ev e¨enviKvix GLb PvB‡j Zvi gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq  wewfbœ  ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx G·c¨vbkvb KvW© wb‡R wb‡R jvwM‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G·c¨vbkvb †¯øvU ev AvwK©‡UKPvi nj PCI, ISA, AGP Ges PCI, PCI-X †¯øvU | wWm‡cø GWvÞvi ev MÖvwdKm KvW©, mvDÛ KvW©, j¨vb, g‡Wg, wUwf, K¨vcPvi cÖf„wZ †cwi‡divj ev wWfvBm Gme wc Gb wc G·c¨vbkvb †¯øv‡U Lye mn‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|   

Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z GKwU gv`vi‡ev‡W© G·‡cbkvb †¯øv‡Ui Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj|

G wR wc †¯øvU ev †cvU© (AGP  Slot)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Slot gv`vi‡ev‡W©i gvSvgvwS RvqMvq Aew¯’Z | mvaviYZ GUv ev`vwg is‡qi n‡q _v‡K| GUv gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| 486 ev ZviI Av‡Mi gv`vi‡evW©¸‡jv‡Z GB †¯øv‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ wQj bv| ‡mme gv`vi‡ev‡W© weëBb VGA (Video Graphics Array) A_ev wcwmwAvB †¯øv‡U wfwRG KvW© e¨envi Kiv nZ| GB †¯øvU‡K ‡jvKvj evm (Local Bus) I ejv nq| GLv‡b wfwWI ev AGP KvW© jvMv‡bv nq| AGP bus ev  Slot Gi UªvÝdvi †iU PCI †¯øvU Gi wظb| ‡hLv‡b PCI Slot Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 32 ev 64 †gMvevBU †mLv‡b AGP Slote Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q †m‡K‡Û GK wMMvevBU (1000 MB)|  gv`vi‡ev‡W© bZzb ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q PCI, PCI-X Express slot hvi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q †m‡K‡Û AvU wMMvevBU  (8000 MB) | wb‡P GKwU GwRwc †¯øøvU Ges gv`vi‡ev‡W© PCI, PCI-X Express slot Gi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj|

e¨vUvwi (Battery)

cÖ‡Z¨K cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmm‡Ug‡evW© ev  gv`vi‡ev‡W© GKwU 3.0 V (‡fvë)  Gi GKwU Lithium cell battery _v‡K hv BIOS Configuration msiÿY (Save) iv‡L| cy‡iv‡bv wKQy Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W© 3.5 ‡fv‡ëR Gi wiPvR©Gej e¨vUvwi jvMv‡bv n‡Zv d‡j Kw¤úDUvi hZ¶b Pvjy _vK‡Zv Z‡Zv¶b wiPvR© n‡Z cvi‡Zv | hvi d‡j bZzb K‡i †Kvb Battery jvMv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nZ bv| wKš‘ GLbKvi Battery †miKg bq | G¸‡jv WvDb n‡j bZzb K‡i jvMv‡Z n‡e| Kw¤úDUvi hLb eÜ _v‡K ZLbI GB  e¨vUvwiwU mgq, ZvwiL Gi †døvwc WªvB‡fi mvBR, nvW© wW‡¯‹i mvBR, wWm‡cø KvW©, i¨vg, eywUs WªvBf, cvmIq¨vW© mn BIOS Configuration Gi A‡bK wKQyB g‡b iv‡L|

wb‡P GKwU gv`vi‡ev‡W© e¨vUvwii Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj|

g¨v_ †Kv-cÖ‡mmi (Maths Co-Processor)

cy‡iv‡bv wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© we‡kl K‡i 386 gv`vi‡ev‡W©  Maths Co-Processor jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ GKwU m‡KU jvMv‡bv _vK‡Zv, BDRvi Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i GUv jvwM‡q wb‡Z cviZ| Maths Co-Processor wU gyj cÖ‡mm‡ii mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zv| d‡j Kw¤úDUv†ii KvR¸wj `ªæZ nZ| GLb cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W© Maths Co-Processor weëBb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| bZzb K‡i G‡Z Maths Co-Processor jvMv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

Main Processor or CPU                 Maths Co-Processor                  

8086                                                    8087

8088                                                    8087

80286                                                  80287

80386SX                                             387 SX

80386SL                                              387 SX

80386SLC                                           387 SX

80486SLC                                           387 SX 

80486SLC2                                        387 SX

80386DX                                             387 SX

80486SX                                             487 SX

80486DX                                             Built in FPU

80486DX2                                           Built in FPU

80486DX4                                           Built in FPU 

All Pentiums                                        Built in FPU

gv`vi‡ev‡W©i †h AskwU nvW©wW‡¯‹i mv‡_ ms‡hvM Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq †mUv‡K HDD  Controller e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W© GB Kb‡Uªvjvi weëBb  _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i GB AskwUi mv‡_ nvW© wW‡¯‹i Interfacing Gi Rb¨ ribon cable, data cable ev Serial ATA e¨envi Kiv nq| nvW© wW¯‹ Controller wewfbœ iKg n‡q _v‡K| †hgb :

                 

RLL (Run Length Limited) Controller

ESDI (Enhanced Small Drive Interface) Controller

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Controller

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Controller

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

wPc‡mU  (Chipset)

Set of Chips ‡_‡K ÓChipsetÓ K_vwUi DrcwË| cÖ_g w`‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i discrete integrated circuits e¨eüZ nZ| Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi GiKg A‡bK BbwU‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U cÖ‡qvRb nw”Qj| ZvB AmsL¨ wPc GKwUi g‡a¨ G‡b ev GKÎ K‡i evbv‡bv nj eo GKwU wPc | GB eo wPcwU‡K ejv nj wPc‡mU| wPc‡m‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖ‡mmi I gv`vi‡evW© Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i| AvaywbK AvwK©‡UKPvi Abyhvqx gv`vi‡ev‡W©i wPc‡K b_© weªR (North bridge)  Ges mvD_ weªR (South  bridge) `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

b_© weªR (North bridge)

b_©weªR wmwcBD m‡K‡Ui Kv‡Q ev gv`vi‡ev‡W©i gvSvgvwS RvqMvq Aew¯’Z GKwU eo wPc| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i nvB w¯úW wWfvBm¸‡jv‡K K‡›Uªvj Kiv Gi KvR| GUv GKBmv‡_ nvB w¯úW wWfvBm †hgb cÖ‡mmi, wfwWI ev MÖvwdKm I i¨vg Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G‡K †g‡gvwi K‡›Uªvjvi nveI (MCH) ejv nq|  KvR Kivi mgq AwaK Zvc Drcbœ Kivi Kvi‡Y GUvi Dc‡i GKwU wnUwmb&K Ges A‡bK mgq Gi Dci GKwU Kzjvi e¨envi Kiv nq | eZ©gv‡b b_©weª‡Ri meUzKz Ask cÖ‡mm‡i mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvD_ weªR (South bridge)

gv`vi‡ev‡W© b_© weªR QvovI AviI GKwU wPc _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i A‡cÿvK„Z Kg ev †¯øv w¯úW wWfvBm¸‡jv‡K K‡›Uªvj Kiv Gi KvR| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i †¯øv w¯úW wWfvBm¸‡jv nj ev‡qvm, wcwmAvB evm, BDGmwe, †÷v‡iR wWfvBm, AwWI wWfvBm cÖf„wZ| G‡K BbcyU/AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvjvi (I/O Controller Hub) nveI ejv nq|  ms‡ÿ‡c ICH e‡j|

dø¨vk ig (Flash Rom)

gv`vi‡ev‡W© mshy³ GKwU IC (Integrated Circuit) †hLv‡b BIOS (Basic Input Output System ) ‡cvMÖvg wcÖ‡jvW Kiv _v‡K| 

mewKQzi ‡hgb ïiæ Av‡Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR GLvb †_‡K ïiæ nq| cvIqvi †c‡j GUv KvR Kiv ïiæ K‡i| mvavibZ Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix GUv †`L‡Z cvq bv| mywbw`©ó Kx †P‡c GUvi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq Ges Gi wewfbœ KbwdMv‡ikb I wdì cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

G wU G· cvIqvi Kv‡bKUi (ATX Power Connector)

20 ev 24  wc‡bi GB  Kv‡bKUiwU  cvIqvi mvcøvB †_‡K (wWwm) cvIqvi MÖnb K‡i gv`vi‡ev‡W©i  me©Î ‡hLv‡b hZUzKy cÖ‡qvRb mieivn K‡i Lv‡K|   

G wU G· 12 †fvë Kv‡b±i (ATX 12V Connector) 

‡cw›Uqvg ‡dvi Gi gv`vi‡ev‡W© GB Kv‡bKUiwU bZzb ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡cw›Uqvg ‡dvi Ges Gi D‡a© mKj gv`vi‡ev‡W© GB Kv‡bKUiwU B›Uvi‡dwms Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i bv| cvIqvi mvcøvB ‡_‡K Kv‡bKU&iwU cvIqvi MÖnb K‡i _v‡K|

AvB wW B Kv‡b±i (IDE Connector)

Integrated Drive Electronics Gi ms‡ÿc nj IDE | gvv`vi‡ev‡W© mywbw`©ó GKwU ev `ywU Kv‡b±i †hLv‡b nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf B›Uvi‡dwms Ki‡Z nq| cÖ_gwUi bvg IDE 1 wØZxqwUi bvg IDE 2  †`qv _v‡K| GKwU Kv‡b±‡i gv÷vi / †¯øf gyW wba©viY c~e©K `yBwU K‡i wWfvBm jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| IDE cable  ev †WBwR †PBb Øviv GB ms‡hvM †`Iqv nq| Gme Kv‡bKUi Ultra DMA 100/66, PIO Modes 3 & 4 mv‡cvU© K‡i|  IDE  Ó Parallel ATA Ó ev  P ATA bv‡g A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q cwiwPZ|  

BbcyU AvDUcyU c¨v‡bj  (Input Output Panel)

gv`vi †ev‡W©i †h AskwU †Kwms Gi wcQ‡bi w`‡K (cvIqvi mvcøvB Gi wb‡P) G‡m¤^j Kivi mgq †mU Kiv nq  A_©vr †h AskwUi mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kej Interfacing Kiv nq †m AskwU‡K ejv nq Input Output Panel | GB As‡k AGP Port (hw` gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ weëBb _v‡K), Serial ev PS/2 Keyboard port, Serial ev PS/2 Mouse port, Parallel port Serial Com1 (Communication 1) port, Serial Com2 port, USB port, RJ-45 port (Lan card hw` gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ weëBb _v‡K), Ges Line in, Line out, Microphone (hw` gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mvDÛ KvW© weëBb _v‡K) cÖf„wZ cvIqv hvq|

1.  Keyboard connector

2.  Mouse connector

3.  USB connectors

4.  HDMI

5.  VGA Port

6.  DVI port

7. Rj45 port

8. Com port

9. Sound connectors

wc Gm Uz Kx‡evW© Kv‡b±i ( PS/2 Keyboard connector)

cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ GKwU K‡i cvi‡cj is‡qi 6 wc‡bi GKwU PS/2 Keyboard  Kv‡b±i _v‡K| cy‡iv‡bv wKQy Kw¤úDUv‡i Pvi wc‡bi GKwU eo Kx ‡evW© Kv‡b±i jvMv‡bv nZ, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nZ wmwiqvj Kv‡b±i| GLb Aek¨ BD Gmwe †cv‡U©I Kx‡evW© P‡j|

wc Gm Uz gvDm Kv‡b±i ( PS/2 Mouse connector)

cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ GKwU K‡i meyR is‡qi 6 wc‡bi GKwU PS/2 Keyboard  Kv‡b±i _v‡K| cy‡iv‡bv wKQy Kw¤úDUv‡i we‡kl K‡i cy‡iv‡bv †cbwUqvg wÎ ev Gi Av‡Mi gv`vi‡evW©¸‡jv‡Z  PS/2 Mouse  Kv‡b±‡ii cwie‡Z©  Com1 ev Com2 (Serial) Port gvD‡mi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nZ| GLb Aek¨ BD Gmwe †cv‡U©I gvDm P‡j|

BD Gm we †cvU©  (USB  Port)

cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK USB ( Universal Serial Bus) †cvU© mshy³ _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ G·Uvibvj wWfvBm¸‡jvi †evkifvMB GLb GUv‡Z e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| ‡hgb - Kx‡evW©, gvDm, AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm, mvDÛ KvW©, wUwf KvW©, nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf, †cb WªvBf, wcÖ›Uvi, ¯‹¨vbvi, I‡qf K¨vg cÖf„wZ|

GwRwc, wfwRG ev wWwfAvB †cvU©  (AGP / VGA Port)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri djvdj gwbU‡i †`Lv hvq| GB AvDUcy‡Ui Rb¨ gv`vi‡ev‡W© 15 wKsev 24 wc‡bi wKsev BDGmwei gZ †`L‡Z GKwU Kv‡b±i _v‡K | gv`vi‡evW© GwRwc, GBPwWGgAvB ev wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm weëBb n‡j ‡`Lv hvq| weëBb bv n‡jI G·Uvibvj KvW© jvMv‡bvi d‡j GiKg GKwU Kv‡b±i BbcyU AvDUcyU c¨v‡b‡j `„k¨gvb n‡e| GUv Qvov gwbU‡i wKQy‡ZB wWm‡cø Avbv m¤¢e n‡e bv| wWwfAvB Ges GBPwWGgAvB †cvU©wU Kw¤úDUv‡i bZzb ms‡hvRb| Digital Visual Interface (digital flat-panel displays) Gi ms‡ÿc nj DVI Ges High definition multimdia Interface Gi ms‡ÿc nj HDMI

c¨viv‡jj †cvU©  (Parallel Port / LPT1)

cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ 25 wc‡bi GKwU †cvU© _v‡K hvi ms‡M wcÖ›Uvi ¯‹¨vbvi Ges AviI Ab¨vb¨ wWfBm‡K mshy³ Kiv hvq| G‡K Parallel Port e‡j| BD Gm we evm †cvU© Avmvi ci c¨viv‡jj GB †cvU© wUi e¨envi K‡g G‡m‡Q|

Avi-‡R diwUdvBf †cvU©  (RJ-45 PORT)

‡nvg ev Awdm ‡bUIq¨vK© wKsev eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ RJ-45 port wU e¨envi Kiv nq|

D‡jøwLZ Ask¸wj QvovI gv`vi‡ev‡W© wKQy IC I †QvU †QvU Component I Device _v‡K †h¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg | wb‡P gv`vi‡ev‡W©i GiKg wKQy Component I Device D‡jøL Kiv nj nj :-

Clock Generator

GKwU eZ©bx hv cÖ‡mmi, wRwcBD, GdGmwe, i¨vg  cÖf„wZi w¯úW  K‡›Uªvj K‡i |

Programable Interval timer

‡cÖvMÖvg Pvjbvq BbUªvÞ K‡›Uªvj K‡i|  

Capacitor 

‰e`y¨wZK PvR© avibÿgZv e„w× Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GUvi cwigv‡ci GKK nj Farad (d¨vivW)| Capacitor A‡bK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb -Varial Capacitor, Ceramic Film Capacitor, Electronic Capacitor.

Transistor

 UªvÝdvi †iwRóvi †_‡K UªvbwRói K_vwU G‡m‡Q| Kg wmMbvj ev Kv‡i›U‡K †ewk †iwR‡U‡Ý cvVv‡bv ev UªvÝdvi Kiv Gi KvR| 

Diode

AC  ‡fv‡ëR‡K DC †fv‡ë‡R cwieZ©b Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|   

Inductor

we`y¨‡Zi ÿb¯’vqx cwieZ©‡b evavi m„wó Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Integrated Circuit  ev IC †mwgKÛv±i RvZxq c`v_© w`‡q ‰Zwi| †mwgKÛv±‡ii ag© nj GKwU eo mvwK©U‡K GKwU GKK K‡¤úv‡b‡›U cwibZ Kiv| ZvB AvB wm m¤úyb© GKwU mvwK©U iƒ‡c GKK K‡¤úv‡b›U wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

Front Panel ev External Jumper settings

gv`vi‡ev‡W© wmm‡Ug †KBm Kv‡bKkv‡bi Rb¨ Front Panel (F_Panel) bv‡g GKwU RvqMv i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Power On/Off, Restart, Speaker Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi cvIqvi †j†Wi Kv‡bKkvb w`‡Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K External Jumper settings ejv nq| GQvovI cÖ‡mmi‡K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ Avmv wnUwmb&K/ d¨vb (CPU Cooler), wmwcBD‡K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ d¨vb Ges Chassist ev System Fan Connection Gi Rb¨ wbw`©ó Kv‡b±i i‡q‡Q |

cÖ‡mmi  (Processor)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg¯Í Kvhv©ejx wbqš¿b I cwiPvjbv ev cÖ‡mm †h K‡i †mUv‡K cÖ‡mmi ejv nq|  cÖ‡mmi nj Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iƒZ¡c~b© Ask| A‡b‡K GUv‡K Gfv‡e mÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb-  "Processor is the brain of a computer, a component that contains circuitry  that can manipulate data in the form of binary bits. A micro- processor  is contained  on a single microchip." †K›`ªxqfv‡e GUv mKj KvR K‡i e‡j GUv‡K CPU (Central Processing Unit) I ejv nq| cÖ‡mmi ev wmwcBD †`L‡Z †QvU  Pvi‡KvYv PKP‡K avZzi AveiY w`‡q †Niv †PÞv cv‡Zi gZ n‡jI Gi wfZ‡ii Ask ev g~j Ask AviI †QvU| ZvB G‡`i‡K gvB‡µv-cÖ‡mmiI  ejv nq|

cÖ‡mmi A‡bK AvB wmi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GKwU Zwor eZ©bx‡K Lye †QvU K‡i evwb‡q †Kvb wKQzi g‡a¨ cy‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq AvB wm( BbwU‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U)| Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K AmsL¨ UªvbwR÷i, Wv‡qvU I †iwRói| GKwU AvB wm Zvi MVb Abyhvqx wbw`©ó KvR Ki‡Z mÿg| GiKg A‡bK AvB wm GKÎ K‡i evbv‡bv nq gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| wb‡P me©waK e¨eüZ wKQz cÖ‡mm‡ii Qwe †`Iqv nj -

wmwcBD ˆZwi Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq Aa©cwievnK ev †mgKÛv±i RvZxq c`v_©| †mgKÛv±i wn‡m‡e wmwjK‡bi cv‡Zi Dci UªvbwRói, Wv‡qvU, †iwRói w`‡q ˆZwi Kivi GB c×wZ‡K ejv nq †dweª‡Kkb| mgq Ges e¨q Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wmwjK‡bi cv‡Zi Dci A‡bK wPc evbv‡bv nq| Zvici GUv‡K GKK Abyhvqx †K‡U †bIqv nq| GB c×wZ‡K ejv nq wfGjGmAvB (Very Larg-scale Integration)  ‡dweª‡Kk‡bi ci cvZ †K‡U †h †QvU †QvU wPc cvIqv hvq †mUv‡K e‡j WvB (Die)| WvB hZ †QvU †ÿÎd‡ji nq †mUv‡Z Zvc Drc‡bœi cwigvb ZZUvq K‡g| Avi ZvB w`b w`b WvB †QvU ‡_‡K ‡QvUZi n‡q Avm‡Q| dv÷© †Rbv‡ikv‡bi WvB wQj 45 b¨v‡bvwgUvi Avi †m‡KÛ †Rbv‡ik‡b †mUv n‡q‡Q 32 b¨v‡bvwgUvi | WvB GZ †QvU hv GKUv Pvj Gi mgvb| GB WvB Gi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm B›Uvi‡dwms Kivi Rb¨ Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq| wPKb Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ WvB †_‡K cÖ‡mm‡ii wb‡P †h A‡bKMy‡jv we›`yi gZ `vM _v‡K †mLv‡b ms‡hvM †`Iqv nq|

WvB‡Z AmsL¨ UªvbwRói e¨eüZ nq| Giv jwRK †MU ˆZwi Kivi gva¨‡g wmwcBD‡Z †cÖwiZ WvUv Kv‡R jvwM‡q djvdj ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K| G`i‡K †Kvi ejv nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖ‡mm‡ii Kvh©cwiwa ev ÿgZv w`b w`b †e‡o hv‡”Q| Giv ïay Gwi_‡gwUK jwRU wb‡q c‡o _v‡K bv| nvB w¯úW †cwi‡divj‡K K‡›Uªvj Kivi Rb¨ †h b_©weªR Av‡Q †mUvI eZ©gvb cÖ‡mm‡ii g‡a¨ Bw›U‡MÖU Kiv n‡”Q|   wmwcBD Gi cÖavb AskB nj †Kvi| GB †Kv‡ii Dc‡i cÖ‡mm‡ii ÿgZv wbf©i K‡i| †Kv‡ii g~j Ask `ywU|  1. The Control Unit Ges 2.. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit | †iwRói bvgK GKwU As‡ki gva¨‡g GB BDwbU `ywU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| 

wewfbœ eªvÛ I AvK…wZi cÖ‡mmi evRv‡i cvIqv hvq | Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Wj cwieZ©b nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡`i AvKvi AvK…wZi I cwiewZ©b N‡U| 1971 mv‡j 4 weU Gi cÖ‡mmi w`‡q hvi hvÎv ïiæ †mB INTEL cieZx©‡Z 8 weU, 16 weU, 32 weU Ges 64 we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi ‰Zwi K‡i| 1997 mv‡j Intel cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq MMX (multimedia Extention) Technology| d‡j Kw¯úDUv‡i gvwëwgwWqvi gZ AvKl©bxq wdPvi mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ nq| Avi GLb Pj‡Q 2nd Generation CPU hv Video Audio mn mKj gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡mwms I B›Uvi‡bU †UK‡bvjwR Ges 3D †iÛvwis Gi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¶gZvai cÖ‡mmi | cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ AšÍif~³ K‡qKwU welq i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv eyS‡Z cvi‡j gyj cÖ‡mmiwU‡K †evSv mnR n‡e|

UªvbwR÷i (Transistor) 

cÖ‡mmi ev gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi wgwjqb wgwjqb gvB‡µv¯‹wcK UªvbwRói w`‡q ˆZwi| Avi UªvÝwRói †mwgKÛvKUi RvZxq c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi| G¸‡jvi KvR nj †Kvb wmMbvj†K ewa©Z Kiv A_ev mvwK©U open  ev close Kiv| UªvbwRói Avwe®‹v‡ii Av‡M mvwK©‡U e¨envi Kiv nZ f¨vK~¨qvg wUDe (Vacuum Tube) | GUv wQj AvKv‡i A‡bK eo Ges GUv AZ¨waK Zvc Drcbœ KiZ | †mKvi‡b GUv‡K ev` w`‡q UªvbwRói Gi e¨envi ïiæ nq| UªvbwRói e¨en‡ii d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii  AvKvi GLb ¶z`ª †_‡K ¶z`ªZi Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q|

‡gMvnvU©R  MHz  (Megahertz)  

cÖ‡‡mm‡ii ¶gZv gvcv nq MHzz w`‡q| Mhz nj cÖ‡mmi ev Clock speed Gi GKK| 1 Megahertz nj cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û GK wgwjqb mvB‡Kj| †Kvb Processor Gi w¯úW hw` 2.4 Ghz ev 2400 Mhz nq Zvn‡j cÖ‡mmiwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 2400 wgwjqb mvB‡Kj m¤úv`b Ki‡Z m¶g | cÖ‡Z¨K BÝUªvKkb ev KgvÛ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó msL¨K mvB‡Kj Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GLb D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ cÖ‡mm‡i GT/s GKK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv  n†”Q| GT/s gv‡b Giga Transfer per second|

  

F S B (Front Side Bus) 

KvR Kivi Rb¨ wmwcBDi ev‡mi (Bus) cÖ‡qvRb nq | evm ej‡Z Avgiv eywS WvUv PjvPj Kivi c_| cÖ‡mmi‡K wewfbœ †cwi‡div‡ji mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i Pj‡Z nq| †hgb- wmwcBD †g‡gvwi †_‡K Z_¨ Pvq| KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K †g‡gvwii †jv‡Kkb Ly‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k cvVv‡Z nq| †g‡gvwi Z_¨ wewfbœ eø‡K _v‡K| GB eøK †K G‡Wªm e‡j| †h Dcv‡q Z‡_¨i G‡Wªm †ei Kiv nq Zv‡K G‡Wªm evm (Address Bus) e‡j| Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡j wmwcBD †h Dcv‡q  Zvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q Z_¨ wb‡q Av‡m ev Avevi †g‡gvwi‡Z cvVvq †mUv‡K ejv nq WvUv evm (Data  Bus) KvR †k‡l cÖ‡mmi †g‡gvwi ev Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm‡K †h ev‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k cvVvq †mUv‡K ejv nq K‡›Uªvj evm (Control Bus)| wb‡P cÖ‡mm‡ii cÖavb BDwbU Ges evm †`Lv‡bv nj- 

K¨vk †g‡gvwi  (Cache Memory)

Kw¤úDUvi‡K `ªæZZi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡mm‡ii K¬K w¯ú‡Wi cvkvcvwk Cache Memory Gi ¸iæZ¡  A‡bKLvwb| A‡b‡K Kw¤úDUv†ii KbwdMv‡ik‡b cÖ‡mm‡ii K¬K w¯úW Ges i¨v‡gi mvBR m¤ú‡K© †ewk K‡i Rvb‡Z Pvb| A_P cÖ‡mm‡ii K¨vk †g‡gvwi Qvov eo eo G¨vwcø†Kkb †cÖvMÖvg , 3D †cÖvMÖvgm,& 3D †Mgm& †KvbUvB `ªæZ KvR K‡i bv| Kvib Gme md&UIq¨vi Lye †ewk  K¨vk †g‡gvwi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| wmwcBD Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †ewk mgq wb‡q _v‡K wmwcBD Ges i¨v†gi  Ragistry Gi wfZi  WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Kv‡R|  wmwcBD  i¨v‡gi  †P‡q  AwaK  `ªæZZvq KvR K‡i A‡c¶v Ki‡Z _v‡K †g‡gvwi †_‡K WvUv ev Instruction cvIqvi Rb¨| G mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨B cÖ‡mm‡ii †Kv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Cache Memory| GUv mvavib i¨v‡gi †P‡q wfbœ | mvavib i¨v‡gi †P‡q GUv AwaK `ªæZZvq KvR K‡i| GUvi KvR Kivi aib I wfbœ iK‡gi| K¨vk g~j †g‡gvwi †_‡K †hme ¯’v‡b m¤úªwZ WvUv wiW / ivBU K‡i‡Q †mme ¯’v‡bi G‡Wªm K¨vwks K‡i iv‡L| Ges PvIqv gvÎ †mUv †mLv‡b cvVvq| K¨vk †g‡gvwi GKvwaK ‡j‡f‡ji ev av‡ci n‡j ÿgZv Av‡iv e„w× cvq| wewfbœ av‡ci K¨vk †g‡gvwi‡K L1, L2, L3 (Lavel 1, Lavel 2, Lavel 3) Gfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq GKvwaK †Kvi GKB †j‡fj K¨vk e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i | ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Shared Lavel Cache |

wRwcBD / wRwcBD K‡›Uªvjvi  (GPU / GPU Controller)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfwWI AvDUcy‡Ui Rb¨ MÖvwdKm cÖ‡mwms BDwbU (GPU) cÖ‡qvRb nq| bZzb wKQz cÖ‡mm‡i GB wRwcBD WvB †Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| GQvovI wRwcBD K‡›Uªvjvi G·Uvibvj MÖvwdKm KvW©‡K wbqš¿b K‡i _v‡K|

‡g‡gvwi K‡›Uªvjvi  (Memory Controller)

mKj †Kvi ev cÖ‡mmi †g‡gvwii mv‡_ hvi gva¨‡g mivmwi hy³ nq †mUv‡K ejv nq ‡gg‡vwi K‡›Uªvjvi | GB K‡›Uªvjvi me mgq wmwcBD †_‡K †g‡gvwi‡Z ev †g‡gvwi †_‡K wmwcBD †Z wiW ivBU K‡i _v‡K|wmwcBD‡Z 256KB, 512KB, 2MB, 4 MB, 8 MB  ch©šÍ Cache Memory mshy³ _v‡K|

wW Gg AvB ( DMI) Direct Media Interface

gv`vi‡ev‡W©i `ywU wPc‡m‡Ui (b_© weªR / mvD_ weªR) g‡a¨ mivmwi ms‡hv†K wW Gg AvB e‡j| wW Gg AvB g~jZ †jv †¯úW wWfvBm †K wbqš¿b K‡i _v‡K| bZzb †Rbv‡ik‡bi gv`vi‡ev‡W© b_©weªR cÖ‡mm‡ii g‡a¨ ¯’vcb Kivi Kvi‡b GB e¨e¯’v| Bb‡Uj GUv‡K ej‡Q "sandy bridge" |

M M X (Multimedia Extension) 

gvwëwgwWqvi KvR¸‡jv wbiew”Qbœ fv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ 1997 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m  Intel Corporation, Zv‡`i  Pentium 1 166 Mhz Processor Gi mv‡_ †ei K‡i GB MMX Technology|  GLbKvi cÖvq mKj Processor G GB MMX cÖhyw³ mshy³ Av‡Q|

i¨vg (RAM )

RAM Gi cy‡iv A_© nj  Random Access Memory | A_v©r †h †g‡gvwi A¯’vqxfv‡e  WvUv Ges BÝUªvKkb wmwcBD‡Z a‡i iv‡L Zv‡K Ram ejv  nq| B‡jKwUªwmwU mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡j GB RvZxq †g‡gvwi‡Z Aew¯’Z mKj Z_¨ ev BÝUªvKkb gy‡Q hvq| GRb¨ G‡K cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR ev ‡fvjvUvBj †g‡gvwi (Volatile) I ejv nq| Microprocessor Gi gZ i¨v‡gi †ev‡W© Circuit-Inscribed silicon hy³ _v‡K| Gi †QvU †ev‡W© i¨vg wPc¸‡jv mvwie× fv‡e jvMv‡bv _v‡K|

  

Conventional Memory

Ram Gi cÖ_g 640 Kilobyte †g‡gvwi‡K ejv nq Conventional Memory hv Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug Ges G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdU&Iq¨v‡ii Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|   GLbKvi gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z Aek¨ cÖ_g 640 Kilobyte †g‡gvwi Installed ev weëBb _v‡K|

Upper Memory

Ram Gi cÖ_g 640 Kilobyte mn 1MB Gwoqv‡K ejv nq Upper Memory.  GLv‡b Acv‡iwUs wmm‡U‡gi wewfbœ Ask †jvW ev †óvi Kiv _v‡K| cÖ_g 640 Kilobyte ev` w`‡q 1MB Gi Aewkó †¯úm G¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|                  

Extended Memory

1MB Gi Dc‡i 16 MB ch©šÍ †g‡gvwi‡K ejv nq Extended Memory| ‡Kvb    Kw¤úDUvi 64MB †g‡gvwi Bb÷j Kiv n‡j Conventional Memory 640 KB + Extended Memory 384 = 1024  ev` w`‡j cvIqv hvq 63MB A_©vr  63 MB nj  Extended  Memory |  me †cÖvMÖvg Extended  Memory  e¨envi  K‡i  bv|  Acv‡iwUs wmm‡U‡gi Av‡iv dvBj GLv‡b e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| Utility RvZxq mdUIq¨vi GB As‡k e¨envi Kiv nq|

Expanded Memory

cÖ_g  640 Kilobyte  ‡g‡gvwi  ev`  w`‡q  i¨v‡gi evwK †¯úm†K Expanded Memory e‡j|

`yB iK‡gi i¨vg mPivPi Avgiv †`‡L _vwK †m¸‡jv nj : 

1. SIMM  (Single Inline Memory Module) Ges

2. DIMM (Double Inline Memory Module)

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 

SIMM i¨vg 72 wc‡bi n‡q _v‡K| A_v©r †h me gv`vi‡ev†W© 72 wc‡bi i¨vg †¯øvU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b  SIMM i¨vg e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| SIMM i¨vg mvavibZ †Rvovq †Rvovq e¨envi Kiv  nq| A_©vr gv`vi‡ev‡W© `yBwU i¨v‡gi †¯øvU wg‡j nq GKwU e¨vsK| G ¸‡jvi bvgKib Kiv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e -  SIMM1, SIMM2, SIMM3, SIMM4 cÖf„wZ| SIMM1Ges SIMM2 GB `ywU †¯øvU wg‡j nq e¨vsK 1 | Avevi SIMM3Ges SIMM4 GB `ywU †¯øvU wg‡j nq e¨vsK 2 | Bank1 Av‡M e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡iv i¨v‡gi cÖ‡qvRb  n‡j GKB wbq‡g wØZxq e¨vsKwU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| 

D‡jøL¨ 386 Ges 486 Kw¤úDUv‡i 30 wc‡bi wKQy SIMM i¨vg e¨envi Kiv nZ| SIMM i¨vg mvavibZ 66Mhz bus speed Gi n‡q _v‡K| GUv 5 V G KvR Ki‡Z m¶g| SIMM i¨vg  1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB  aviY ¶gZv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wmg i¨v‡gi aib Ges Gi LvR ev bP& Gi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj-

DIMM (Double Inline Memory Module)

DIMM i¨vg 168 wc‡bi n‡q _v‡K| A_v©r †h me gv`vi‡ev†W© 168 wc‡bi i¨vg †¯øvU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b  DIMM i¨vg e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| SIMM i¨v†gi gZ GUv †Rvovq †Rvovq e¨envi Ki‡Z nq bv| GLv‡b †¯øvU 1 nj e¨vsK 1 | Z‡e cÖ_g †¯øvU ev e¨vsK 1 Av‡M e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i ev Av‡iv i¨vg jvMv‡Z PvB‡j cieZ©x †¯øvU¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv hvq| GRvZxq i¨vg Gi evm w¯úW  66/100/133/266/333/400/ 800 Mhz Gi n‡q _v‡K| GUv 1.5V - 3.3V G KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| DIMM K‡qK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: SD, RD, DDR cÖf„wZ| SD i¨vg 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB 256MB, 512MB Ges DDR (Dauble Data Rate) i¨vg 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1 GB,  - 16GB avib ¶gZv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| DDDR wmwi‡Ri cÖ‡Z¨KwU i¨vg †`L‡Z GKB g‡b n‡jI Gi LvR ev bP& wbw`©ó `yi‡Z¡ miv‡bv _v‡K| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †mUv †`Lv‡bv nj-

DIMM i¨vg `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb :

1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) I

2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

Rom chips

‡hLv‡b RAM G ïaygvÎ wjLv Ges gyQv hvq, †mLv‡b Rom n‡”Q Read Only Memory A_©vr †h †g‡gvwi ïay cov hvq| G ai‡bi Ram †K  ejv nq Firmware | GKRb BDRvi PvB‡jB GLv‡b wKQy wjL‡Z ev gyQ‡Z cv‡i bv| ROM Chips †cÖvMÖvg enb K‡i (wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb GUv ˆZwi Kivi mgq GUvi g‡a¨ †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q _v‡Kb) hv Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbvi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K |

wZb cÖKv‡ii ROM CHIPS †`Lv hvq | †hgb: -

1. PROM

2. EPROM

3. EEPROM

PROM

PPOM Chips nj Programmable Read Only Memory. †Kbvi mgq GUv Blank _v‡K | GKeviB GUv‡Z †cÖvMÖvg KwcKiv hvq| GKevi †cÖvMÖvg †mU Kivi ci GUv Avi wWwjU Kiv hvq bv|

EPROM

EPROM Chips nj Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. EPROM Chips I  PPOM Chips Gi gZ| Z‡e Special Equipment Gi mvnv‡h¨ ïaygvÎ wfZ‡ii †cÖvMÖvg gyQv hvq Avevi bZzb †cÖvMÖvg wjLvI hvq| EPROM Chips Gi Erase cÖK…qv GKwU Ultraviolet Light Gi gva¨‡g Kiv nq|

EEPROM

EEPROM Chips nj Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory hv Electrical Impulses Gi mvnv‡h¨ Reprograme Kiv m¤¢e|         

Other Forms of Memory

Microcomputers G e¨envi Kiv nq GiKg AviI wKQy Memory nj :

1. CACHE MEMORY:

 2. VIDEO MEMORY

 3. FLASH MEMORY

Cache Memory

Cache Memory †K Zzjbv Kiv nq ÓCash" Gi m‡½| Cache Memory nj High Speed Memory hv cÖ‡mm‡ii Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi‡K `ªæZZi Kivi Rb¨ Cache Memory Gi weKí †bB| Ram †_‡K mieivnK…Z WvUvi Rb¨ CPU A‡c¶v bv K‡i  Cache Memory  †_‡K c‡o †bq | Cache Memory †Z D‡jøwLZ WvUv cvIqv bv †M‡j CPU i¨vg ‡_‡K c‡o Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi GKwU Kwc Cache Memory †Z Rgv K‡i iv‡L | Large Spreadsheet ev eo †Kvb WvUv‡eR mdU&Iq¨vi wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk K¨vk †g‡gvwii cÖ‡qvRb nq| Cache Memory CPU ev Microprocessor Chip Gi g‡a¨ Embeded _v‡K| 486 Microprocessor G  8k, Pentium 1, II Ges III CPU †Z 256 kb †_‡K 512kb,  512kb, Ges Pentium 4 G m‡e©v”P 8 MB ch©šÍ  Cache Memory _vK‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq gv`vi‡ev‡W© we‡kl Slot Gi gva¨‡gI Cache Ram Chip  jvMv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

Video Memory

Video memory ev Video Ram (VRAM) gwbU‡ii Display Image msi¶‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| Video ram Gi mvB‡Ri Dci wbf©i K‡i KZ ZvovZvwo B‡gR cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges KZ Kvjvi mv‡cvU© w`‡Z cvi‡e| 

Flash Memory

Flash Memory mvavibZ †bvUeyK Ges mve‡bvUeyK Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| †µwWU Kv‡W©i gZ †`L‡Z mvwK©U w`‡q MwVZ GBme Flash memory gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Slot G BbmvU© K‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq | Flash memory None Volatile A_v©r B‡jwUªwmwU mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡jI GB RvZxq †g‡gvwi gy‡Q hvq bv|

nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf ev HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf (HDD) nj bb& †fvjvUvBj (Non-Volatile),  ‡m‡KÛvwi  †÷v‡iR  wWfvBm |  cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvBm nj i¨vg hv‡K †fvjvUvBj ejv  nq | GiKg ejvi Kvib B‡jwUªK  mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡j GB RvZxq †g‡gvwi gy‡Q hvq| ZvB Kv‡i›U mieivn eÜ Kivi Av‡M  cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv nvW©wW‡¯‹ msi¶b K‡i wb‡Z nq | msi¶‡bi ci Kw¤úDUvi eÜ ev B‡jwUªK mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡jI WvUv A¶Z _v‡K| nvW©wW¯‹ nj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ggb GKwU wWfvBm ‡hLv‡b Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug, wmm‡Ug BDwUwjwU md&UIq¨vi, G¨vwcø‡Kkb md&UIq¨vi cÖf„wZ  Bb÷j ev †mUvc K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z ivLv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf ¸iæZ¡cyb© fywgKv cvjb K‡i| GUv bv _vK‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb cÖKvi MÖvwdK¨vj Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug ivLv m¤¢e nZ bv| Avi Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug bv _vK‡j Kw¤úDUvi‡K w`‡q †Kvb KvRB Kiv †h‡Zv bv|

GUv  GKw`‡K  †hgb Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug  Pvjy †i‡L Kv‡Ri †¶Î cÖmvwiZ K‡i Ab¨w`‡K ‡Zgwb cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶b K‡i Avgv‡`i‡K wbwðšÍ iv‡L| †hLv‡b d¬wc WªvB‡fi mvBR nj 1.44MB †mLv‡b nvW©wW‡¯‹i mvBR nj 100  †gMvevBU (MB) †_‡K K‡qK TB (Tera Byte) ch©šÍ| ‡hLv‡b d¬wc wW‡¯‹i Rpm (Rotted per minute) 300 †mLv‡b nvW©wW‡¯‹i Rpm 3600, 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| nvW© wW‡¯‹i mvBR hZ eo n‡e Kv‡Ri cwiwa ZZ we¯Í…Z n‡e Avi  Rpm hZ †ewk n‡e ‡fv‡ëR I Kv‡Ri w¯úW (WvUv wiW ivBU) ZZ e„w× cv‡e | wb‡P wKQz nvW© wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi Qwe †`Iqv nj-

 †d¬vwc wW¯‹ Ges  WªvBf Avjv`v  Avjv`v Ask n‡jI nvW© wW¯‹ Ges WªvBf wKš‘ Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡Kvb Ask bq| nvW© wW¯‹ Ges nvW© WªvBf GK I Awfbœ | G‡K Avjv`v Kiv m¤¢e bv (Unless it is a removable hard disk)| D‡jøL¨ wKQz mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y †d¬vwc WªvBf Ges †d¬vwc wW¯‹   †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q bv|         

Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi nvW© wW¯‹ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb cy‡e© 5.25" nvW© wW¯‹ wewfbœ cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv nZ| hvi K¨vcvwmwU wQj 10MB, 20MB, 100MB, 340MB, 540MB,1GB, 2.1 GB, 4.3GB. GLb Avgiv wcwm‡Z †h mvB‡Ri nvW© wW¯‹ e¨envi KiwQ †m¸‡jv nj 3.5"  Ges GB nvW© wW¯‹ Gi K¨vcvwmwU 340MB,  540MB, 1.2GB, 2.1GB, 3.2, 4.3, 5.1GB, 6.4GB,  8.4GB,  10.2GB,  13GB, 15GB, 20GB,  30GB, 40GB, 60GB, 80GB, 120GB, 360GB, 500GB, 1TB ‡_‡K K‡qK TB ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|

Avevi  Laptop  Kw¤úDUv‡i  2.5"  nvW© wW¯‹ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| hvi K¨vcvwmwU  40MB,  120MB,  340MB,  540MB,  1.2GB,   2.1GB,   3.2GB,   4.3GB,   5.1GB, 6.4GB, 8.4GB,  10.2GB,  13GB,  15GB, 20GB,   30GB,   40GB,  60GB,  80GB,  1TB  ‡_‡K K‡qK  TB ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|

               

nvW© wW¯‹ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|‡hgb :

1.    MFM ( Modified Frequency Modulation)

2.    RLL  (Run Length Limited)

3.    ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface)

4.    IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

5.    SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

MFM  (Modified Frequency Modulation)

MFM UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ cy‡iv‡bv (PC/XT 8088) Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nZ| GB UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ 17 Sector (Per Track) n‡q _v‡K | cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q  125 KB †_‡K  250 KB ch©š—|  MFM UvB‡ci  nvW©wW¯‹  Kw¤úDUv‡i  Interface  Kivi  Rb¨  GKwU   34 wc‡bi K‡›Uªvjvi †Kej Ges GKwU 20 wc‡bi WvUv †Kej cÖ‡qvRb nZ|

RLL  (Run Length Limited)

RLL UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ cy‡iv‡bv (PC/XT 8088 Ges PC/AT (286, 386) Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nZ| GB UvB‡ci nvW© wW¯‹ 26 Sector Per Track n‡q _v‡K | cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q 250KB †_‡K  350KB ch©š—| RLL UvB‡ci nvW© wW¯‹ Kw¤úDUv‡i Interface Kivi Rb¨ GKwU 34 wc‡bi K‡›Uªvjvi †Kej Ges GKwU 20 wc‡bi WvUv †Kej cÖ‡qvRb nZ|   

ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface)

ESDI UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ cy‡iv‡bv (PC/AT (286, 386) Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z  e¨envi Kiv nZ| GB UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ 17/35/36 Sector Per Track n‡q _v‡K | cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q 800KB| ESDI UvB‡ci nvW© wW¯‹ Kw¤úDUv‡i Interface Kivi Rb¨I GKwU 34 wc‡bi K‡›Uªvjvi †Kej Ges GKwU 20 wc‡bi WvUv †Kej cÖ‡qvRb nZ|

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

IDE UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ mvavibZ (Pentiun I, Pentiun II, Pentiun III) wcwm ¸‡jv‡Z  e¨envi Kiv nq | GB UvB‡ci nvW© wW¯‹ 17/35/36/55/62/63 Sector Per Track n‡q _v‡K | cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Gi UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q 850KB| IDE UvB‡ci nvW©wW¯‹ Kw¤úDUv‡i Interface Kivi Rb¨ GKwU 40 wc‡bi WvUv †Kej e¨envi Kiv nq| 

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û SCSI nvW© wW‡¯‹i UªvÝdvi †iU n‡”Q 1.5 MB †_‡K 40MB ch©š—| Faster Gi Kvi‡b GB ai‡bi nvW©wW¯‹ GLb †ewk e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q | SCSI  UvB‡ci nvW© wW¯‹ Kw¤úDUv‡i Interface Kivi Rb¨ GKwU 50 wc‡bi WvUv †Kej cÖ‡qvRb nq|

nvW© wW¯Í WªvB‡fi MVbcÖbvjx

nvW©wW‡¯‹ e¨envi Kiv nq GiKg GK ev GKvwaK Aluminum Platters Magnetic cÖ‡jc Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| Platter ¸‡jv GKwU Spindle Gi  g‡a¨ emv‡bv _v‡K|  Spindle  Gi  mv‡_ GKwU Motor mshy³ _v‡K hv Platter ¸‡jv‡K Nyivq|  cÖwZwU nvW©wW‡¯‹ Read/write Head _v‡K hv  Moving GKwU BDwbU ev GKPz‡qUi k¨vdU Gi  mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| GLvb †_‡K Rigid Arm Gi gva¨‡g Read / Write Head cÖwZwU †cø‡Ui Dfq w`‡K GKwU K‡i jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Platters, Spindle Ges Read / Write Head GKwU Sealed Chamber Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vcb Kiv _v‡K|

‡cøUvim  (Platters)

nvW© wW‡¯‹i wfZ‡i GK ev GKvwaK PKP‡K †Mvj wmwWi gZ _v‡K| GUv‡K e‡j †cøUvi| †evSvi myweavi Rb¨ GUv‡K mvi‡dm Gwoqv ej‡j fvj nq| GUv nj Z_¨ avi‡bi cÖvY †K›`ª| †`L‡Z wmwW ev wWwfwW Gi gZ n‡jI Avm‡j Zv bq| GUv A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi A¨vjq w`‡q ˆZwi| GUv‡Z wewfbœ c`v‡_©i ¯Íi ev †jqvi †`qv _v‡K| †cøUv‡ii Dci †µvwgqvg Ges †Kvev‡ëi g¨vM‡bwUK cÖ‡jcI †`qvi Kvi‡Y GUv A‡bK †ewk myiwÿZ nq| GUv‡Z Z_¨ ivLv hvq Avevi †gvQvI hvq| Kw¤úDUvi wWwRUvj n‡jI nvW© wW¯‹ wKš‘ GbvjM c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i _v‡K| GUv g¨vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ Rgv K‡i|

w¯úÛj (Spindle)

‡cøUvi¸‡jv w¯úÛ‡ji Dc‡i emv‡bv _v‡K| w¯úÛ‡ji wb‡P †gvUi _v‡K| †gvUi w¯úÛj‡K †Nvivq| d‡j ‡cøUvi¸‡jv wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z Nyi‡Z _v‡K| †Nvivi MwZ 5400 RPM (Rotetion per minitue)  n‡Z  7200, 10000, 15000 RPM ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| 

GKPz‡qUi Avg©  (Actuator Arm)

mvi‡dm Gwoqv ev †cøUvi †_‡K Z_¨ cov ev wjLvi Rb¨ GKPz‡qUi Av‡g©i gv_vq †nW jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GKPz‡qUi nvjKv Ges wfZ‡i dvucv _v‡K hv‡Z GUv ‡cøUv‡ii me©Î †h‡Z cv‡i| †m‡K‡Û GUv 50 ev‡ii I †ewk †cøUv‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ hvIqv Avmv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

GKPz‡qUi k¨vdU  (Actuator Shaft)

GKPz‡qUi Avg© mvi‡dm Gwoqvi Wv‡b / ev‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ Gi †Mvovq `ywU wecwiZg~Lx †PŠ¤^K _v‡K| G‡K GKPz‡qUi k¨vdU e‡j| GUv jwRK †evW© Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|  

wiW / ivBW †nW  (Disk Head)

wiW / ivBW †nW ev wW¯‹ †nW  GKPz‡qUi Av‡g©i gv_vq emv‡bv _v‡K| GUv †cøUv‡ii Lye KvQvKvwQ _v‡K| G‡Z †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ ˆZwi Kivi e¨e¯’v _v‡K hv‡Z †nW †cøUv‡ii mv‡_ †j‡M bv hvq|  wW¯‹ †nW †cøUvi †_‡K jwRK †ev‡W© Z_¨ cvVvq Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡Z wj‡L iv‡L| hLb wW‡¯‹i †Kvb KvR _v‡K bv ev ÷¨vÛevB _v‡K ZLb GUv cvwK©s †Rv‡b Ae¯’vb †bq| wW¯‹ †nW †cøUv‡ii msL¨vi wظb n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr †cøUvi GKwU n‡j †nW n‡e `ywU| Avevi †cøUvi `ywU n‡j †nW n‡e PviwU|

jwRK †evW©  (Logic Board)

nvW© wW‡¯‹i Dcwifv‡M †h ‡evW© _v‡K GUv‡K mvwK©U †evW© ev jwRK †evW© e‡j|  GUv m¤ú~b© nvW© wW¯‹ K‡›Uªvj K‡i _v‡K| GUv †nW †_‡K WvUv wewfbœ ev‡m ev Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq Avevi Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †cøUv‡i ivBU Kivi Rb¨ †n‡W cvVvq|

nvW© wW‡¯‹i Parameter wba©vib Kiv

486 ev †cbwUqvg 1 wmwi‡Ri Av‡Mi mKj gv`vi‡ev‡W©i ev‡qv‡m nvW©wW¯‹ Bb÷j Kivi c‡i †mUvi Parameter  wba©vib Ki‡Z nZ| BIOS Setup Utilty mdU&Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ "HDD AUTO DETECTION" Øviv ¯^qswµqfv‡e Gme c¨vivwgUvi wba©vib Kiv ‡hZ| Z‡e GLbKvi †Kvb gv`vi‡ev‡W© nvW© wW‡¯‹i †KvbiKg c¨vivwgUvi wba©viY Ki‡Z nq bv| GLbKvi cvUv wKsev mvUv Dfq cÖKvi nvW© wW¯‹ Gi wbR¯^ ev‡qvm _v‡K| Parameter nj nvW© wW‡¯‹i Cylinder,  Head,  Sector, Landing Zone, Write Precomp cÖf„wZ| nvW© wW‡¯‹i eªvÛ Ges g‡Wj cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme c¨vivwgUv‡iiI cwieZ©b N‡U|

Uª¨vK, †m±i, K¬¨v÷vi , eøK, †nW, wmwjÛvi

nvW© wW‡¯‹i mvi‡dm Gwoqv ev †cøUvi †MvjvKvi nq| e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wW¯‹wU‡K eµvKv‡i wef³ Ki‡j †h †MvjvKvi jvBb cvIqv hvq Gi GK GKwU†K Uªv¨K e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Uªv¨K‡K A‡bK¸‡jv mgvb As‡k wef³ Ki‡j nq †m±i| K‡qKwU †m±i wg‡j nq GKwU K¬¨v÷vi | BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wmm‡U‡g K¬¨v÷vi‡K ejv nq eøK| nvW© wW‡¯‹ RvqMv evov‡bvi Rb¨ GKB †cøUv‡ii Dfq w`‡K Uªv¨K Avi †m±i evov‡bv nq| Gi cÖ‡Z¨K cv‡ki †jqvi†K †nW e‡j| GKvwaK GKPz‡qUi Ges †cøUvi _vK‡j GKB Uª¨vK wewkó mKj †cøUvi‡K wmwjÛvi e‡j|

‡jv †j‡fj dig¨vU I nvB †j‡fj dig¨vU

nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Ki‡jB e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| Av‡M G‡K cvwU©kvb Ges  dig¨vU Ki‡Z nq| g¨vby‡dKPvwis †Kv¤úvwb nvW© wW¯‹ ˆZwi Kivi mgq ‡jv †j‡fj dig¨vU K‡i _v‡K| GUv GKevi Ki‡jB nq| bZzb K‡i ‡jv †j‡fj dig¨vU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| hw` bv GUv‡Z e¨vW †m±i c‡o| BDRvi Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug Bb÷j Kivi mgq ¯^qswµqfv‡e cvwU©kvb Ges nvB †j‡fj dig¨vU n‡q _v‡K| g¨vbyqvjxI GUv‡K cvwU©kvb Ges  dig¨vU Kiv hvq| †jv †j‡fj dig¨v‡U WvUv wd‡i cvIqvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv KviY GUv‡Z bZzb K‡i Uª¨vK Avi †m±i ˆZwi nq| Avi nvB †j‡fj dig¨v‡U wbw`©ó WªvB‡fi mg¯Í Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| GUv‡Z bZzb K‡i †Kvb Uª¨vK Ges †m±i †jLv nq bv|    

gv÷vi dvBj †Uwej ev  MFT (Master File Table)

hLbB Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb dvBj wiwUªf ev I‡cb Ki‡Z ewj ZLb nvW© wW¯‹ Zvi wekvj ‡÷v‡iR †_‡K hvi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i dvBj wU `ªæZ †ei K‡i †`q †mUv nj gv÷vi dvBj †Uwej| cvwU©kb Kivi mgq GB dvBjwU ˆZwi nq| GUv‡Z Uª¨vK Ges †m±‡ii Z_¨ _v‡K| nvW© wW¯‹ cvwU©kb Kivi mgq wKQzUv RvqMv GUv wb‡q †bq| †mKvi‡Y Avgiv WªvB‡fi aviYÿgZvi meUv cvB bv| Kg cvB|

Gg we Avi MBR (Master Boot Record)

gv÷vi eyU †iKW© Gi ms‡ÿc nj Gg we Avi| nvW© wW‡¯‹i †Kvb cvwU©k‡bi †Kv_vq eyU †m±i Av‡Q  †mUv cÖ_g Uª¨v‡Ki cÖ_g †m±‡i cÖvq 512 evB‡Ui GKwU Z_¨ _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨Kevi Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kivi mgq GB GgweAvi †_‡K †R‡b †bq †Kv_v †_‡K Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug Pvjy n‡e|

MÖvwdKm KvW© (Graphics Card)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ gwbUi‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨  A_ev Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡h KvR Kwi †mUv mv‡_ mv‡_ †`Lvi Rb¨ ev Kv‡Ri djvdj AvDUcyU As‡k cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ weëBb (Gg‡e‡WW ev mshy³) ev G·Uvibvj †h KvW© e¨envi Kiv nq ‡mUv‡K MÖvwdKm KvW© ev wWm‡cø KvW© e‡j|  MÖvwdKm Kv‡W©i KvR nj GK ev GKvwaK gwbU‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ wfwWI AvDUcyU ˆZwi Kiv|

wfwWI AvDccyU †`Iqvi Rb¨ me MÖvwdKm Kv‡W© _v‡K †Kvi †K¬vK| GUv wfwWI cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v GKwU cÖ‡mmi| Gi wbR¯^ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ _v‡K| G‡K ejv nq Graphics processing Unit  ev ms‡ÿ‡c wR wc BD| GUv 250 MHz  ‡_‡K 4 GHz ch©šÍ w¯ú‡W KvR K‡i _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ ev Gg‡e‡WW MÖvwdKm KvW© g~j wmwcBD †_‡K wKQz Ask Ges i¨vg †_‡K †g‡gvwi †kqvi K‡i wfwWI †g‡gvwi ˆZwi K‡i| GKvi‡Y hviv weëBb gv`vi‡evW© e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡`i wcwmi cvidi‡gÝ Ab¨‡`i hviv Avjv`v MÖvwdKm KvW© e¨envi K‡ib Zv‡`i Zzjbvq Kg _v‡K| hviv MÖvwdKm Gi bZzb G¨vwcø‡Kkvb ev †Mgm wcÖq Zv‡`i Aek¨B 1 GB (wMMvevBU) ‡_‡K 4 GB wMMvevBU (Kv‡Ri aib ey‡S) Avjv`v GKwU KvW© jvMv‡bv mgxPxb n‡e| fvj MÖvwdKm KvW© Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ fvj cvIqvi mvcøvB Gi I cÖ‡qvRb nq ( A‡bK MÖvwdKm Kv‡W© Avjv`v cvIqvi ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq) | GUv fvj †gby‡dPvwis †Kv¤úvwbi wi‡qj 400 †_‡K 800 IqvU n‡Z n‡e|    

‡Kvi †K¬vK

G·Uvibvj MÖvwdKm Kv‡W© "†Kvi †K¬vK" _v‡K| GUv wmwcBD †_‡K w¯úW †kqvi K‡i bv| GUvi wbR¯^ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ Av‡Q| GUv‡K MÖvwdKm cÖ‡mwms BDwbU ev ms‡ÿ‡c wRwcBD e‡j| GUv †Kvb Qwe‡K c¨vivjvj c×wZ‡Z wc‡·‡ji  ci wc‡·j AvKv‡i mvwR‡q Qwe ˆZwi K‡i| wc‡·j nj †Kvb Qwei ÿz`ªZg Ask hvi wbR¯^ ˆewkó Av‡Q Ges GUv jvj bxj meyR WU ev †dvUvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| gwbU‡ii wWm‡cø w¯Œ‡bi cÖwZ Kv‡i±v‡i WU ev wc‡·j †K ejv nq †iRy¨‡jkvb (Resolution) | cÖwZ Kv‡i±v‡i †iRy¨‡jkvb hZ †ewk n‡e gwbU‡i cÖ`wk©Z †U·U ev MÖvwdKm& ZZ fvj †`Lv‡e| GKwU Gj B wW gwbU‡ii g¨vw·gvg †iRy¨‡jkvb nj 2560 x 1440| GB gv‡bi †iRy¨‡jkvb †c‡Z PvB‡j Ggb GKwU MÖvwdKm KvW© e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hUv 2560 x 1440 †iRy¨‡jkvb cÖ`v‡b m¶g|  

wfwWI ev‡qvmgv`vi‡ev‡W©i ev‡qv‡mi gZ MÖvwdKm Kv‡W©I ev‡qvm _v‡K| GUv Acv‡iwUs wmm‡Ug I Ab¨vb¨ wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i| MÖvwdKm KvW© weëBb n‡j gv`vi‡ev‡W©i ev‡qv‡m Gi cvidi‡gÝ Kgv‡bv evov‡bv hvq| 

wfwWI †g‡gvwi

i¨v‡gi gZ MÖvwdKm Kv‡W©I †g‡gvwi wPc _v‡K| G‡K wfwWI †g‡gvwi ejv nq| Gai‡bi wfwWI †g‡gvwii bvg DDR (Dauble data rate), DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5 cÖf„wZ n‡q _v‡K| GiKg bvgKiY (‡fvjvUvBj) i¨v‡gi b¨vq n‡jI Avm‡j Zv bq| Ges i¨v‡gi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L jvMv‡Z n‡e GgbUvI bv| MÖvwdKm KvW© KZUv w¯ú‡W WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i GB wfwWI †g‡gvwii Dci| gv`vi‡ev‡W© MÖvwdKm KvW© weë-Bb n‡j big¨vj i¨vg n‡Z GB †g‡gvwi †kqvi K‡i _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W© MÖvwdKm KvW© weëBb n‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷jK…Z †UvUvj †g‡gvwi †mKvi‡Y Kg †`Lvq|  

wfwWI wPcGB AskwU meiK‡gi MÖvwdKm wWm‡cø K‡›Uªvj K‡i|

Crystal Oscillator

Crystal Oscillator,   Memory Clock Ges Video Clock Gi g‡a¨ Frequency m„wó Kivi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Resolution G gwbUi‡K KvR Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)

GB AskwU Digital Signal (0,1) †K Analog Signal (Test & Graphics) G iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i|

Edge Connector

Kv‡W©i wb‡Pi As‡ki bvg | GB AskwU mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ PCI  / Agp  / PCI e  †¯øv‡Ui wfZ‡i emv‡bv n‡q _v‡K |

Signal or Video out

gv`vi‡ev‡W© MÖvwdKm KvW© weëBb †nvK wKsev G·Uvibvj KvW© jvMv‡bv †nvK GUv †_‡K wfwWI †`Lv‡bvi e¨e¯’v wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb - wfwRG (VGA) †cvU©, GBPwWGgAvB (HDMI) †cvU©, wWwfAvB (DVI) †cvU©, Gm-wfwWI (Saparate -Video ) †cvU© cÖf…wZ|  

VGA Port

eûj Ges RbwcÖq GB †cvU©wUi cy‡iv A_© nj Video graphics array | 15 wc‡bi GB †cvU©wU RGB  Gi gva¨‡g wmMbvj †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|

DVI Port

24 wc‡bi GB †cvU©wU †Kvb iKg b‡qR Qvov AvDUcyU †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| mKj ai‡bi d¬vU GjwmwW Ges  GjBwW gwbU‡i GUvi e¨vcK e¨envi †`Lv hvq|

S-Video Port

wewfbœ ai‡bi wmwW wWwfwW †cøqvi Ges wUwf †Z wfwWI †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Av`k© GKwU †cvU©| Lye RbwcÖq n‡jI GBPwWGgAvB †cv‡U©i cÖmw‡ii Kvi‡b GUvi e¨envi mxwgZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

HDMI Port  (High Definition Multimedia Interface )

ÿz`ª Ges kw³kvjx nvB †Wwdwbkvb (HD) AvDUcy‡Ui Kvi‡b GB †cvU© wU eZ©gv‡b RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Q| meai‡bi MÖvwdKm KvW© Ges ‡j‡U÷ gv`vi‡bv‡W© GB †cvU©wU Gg‡e‡WW K‡i †`qv n‡”Q|

Heatsink / Fan

cÖvq me ai‡bi MÖvwdKm Kv‡W© †Kvi †K¬vK Lye Mig n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y wnUwmb&K Ges d¨vb e¨eüZ nq| fvj gv‡bi wKQz MÖvwd· Kv‡W© cvIqvi mvcøvB †_‡K cvIqvi jvMv‡bvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| wb‡P GKwU Q‡K MÖvwdKm Kv‡W©i aib, †g‡gvwi †K¬vK Ges WvUv UªvÝdvi †iU ‡`Iqv nj-

wb‡Pi  Q†K GwRwc Ges wcwmAvB B Gi cv_©K¨ †`Iqv nj-

wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv ‡`Lv‡bv nj wKfv‡e wcwmAvB Gi c‡i x w`‡q Kv‡W©i wcbmsL¨v Ges ˆ`N©¨ †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K-

MÖvwdKm KvW© A‡bK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:-

(1) MGA (Monochrome Graphics Adapter)

(2) CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)

(3) EGA ( Enhanced Graphics Adapter)

(4) VGA (Video Graphics Adapter)

(5) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Adapter)

(6) AGP (Advanced Graphics Adapter)

(7) PCI-e (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

MGA (Monochrome Graphics Adapter)

c~‡e© Monochrome Graphics Adapter e¨envi Kiv  nZ| Gme Kv‡W© gwbU‡i AvDUcyU Port QvovI Av‡iv GKwU †cvU© jvMv‡bv _vK‡Zv ‡mUv nj Parallel Port ev LPT Port| GB †cvU©wU wcÖ›Uvi ¯‹¨vbvi cÖf„wZ wWfvBmI Kv‡b± Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nZ| GLb GB †cvU© Gi e¨envi K‡g G‡m‡Q| Monochrome Graphics Kv‡W©i m‡ev©”P Resolution wQj 720 x 530| Gme Kv‡W©i Bus Speed wQj 8 Bit Ges Video Memory ev Ram wQj 64KB | Monochrome Graphics Adapter  ev KvW©wU ISA Slot G e¨envi Kiv nZ|

CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)

GUv wQj Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ cÖ_g  Color Graphics KvW©| 9 wc‡bi ISA Slot G e¨eüZ Gme KvW© 640 x 200 (Pixel) Resolution mg_©b K‡i| Gi Video Memory ev Ram 16KB Gi Ges Bus speed 8 bit Gi n‡q _v‡K|

EGA (Enhanced graphics Adapter)   

EGA KvW© CGA Kv‡W©i gZB Z‡e GUv‡Z Resolution 640 x 350 mv‡cvU© K‡i| Gme Kv‡W©i Video RAM nj 256 KB d‡j Gme KvW© 16 Bit color mg_©b K‡i|

VGA (Video Graphics Adapter)

VGA Kv‡W©i cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj G¸‡jv 15 wc‡bi n‡q _v‡K, me ai‡bi gwbUi Gme Kv‡W© Pvjv‡bv hvq| Gme KvW© ISA, 16 bit Ges 512 KB Video Memory mg_©b K‡i| Ges Gi Resolution nj 640 x 480

SVGA (Super Video Graphics Adapter)

Graphics Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ KvW©| SVGA Ges VGA Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ MVbMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| SVGA Kv‡W© Video Ram †ewk _v‡K | d‡j †ewk Resolution wb‡q KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq| †hLv‡b GKwU VGA KvW© 16 bit Ges  640 x 480  Resolution mv‡cvU© K‡i, †mLv‡b GKwU SVGA KvW© 32 bit Ges 1600 x 1280  Resolution mv‡cvU© K‡i | SVGA Kv‡W© mvavibZ 1MB †_‡K 32MB ch©šÍ Video Memory _v‡K| GKwU Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡mm‡ii K¬K w¯úW, evm w¯úW  †hgb †ewk nIqv cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb MÖvwd· msµvšÍ Kv‡Ri Rb¨  MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i Bit Ges Video Memory I †ewk _vKv cÖ‡hvRb|

wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z GKwU wfwRG Gi wcbAvDU †`Lv‡bv nj-

AGP (Accelaretor Graphics Port)

486 ev ZviI Av‡Mi gv`vi‡eW©¸‡jv‡Z AGP Slot Gi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡¡ wQj bv| Avi ZvB †mme gv`vi‡ev‡W© AGP KvW© jvMv‡bvi K_v wPšÍvI Kiv ‡hZ bv | †cbwUqvg g‡W‡ji wKQy wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© G myweav cÖ`vb Kiv ïiæ nq|  Zvici Pentium II †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK gv`vi‡ev‡W© we‡kl K‡i 865 wPc‡mU gv`vi‡evW© ch©šÍ GB KvW© jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’v ev ‡¯øvU wQj| AGP KvW© Avmv‡Z gvwëwgwWqv RM‡Z bZzb Aa¨vq mywPZ nq| we‡kl K‡i 3D Graphics Gi KvR¸‡jv GLb wbLyZfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e nq|   AGP KvW© 4 MB, 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB ev ZviI †ewk Video Ram m¤^wjZ n‡q _v‡K|  AGP KvW©  64 bit, 128 bit bus speed Gi n‡q _v‡K| AGP KvW© Ges PCI VGA KvW© Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨B †ewk ZeyI GUv‡K mn‡R †Pbvi Dcvq nj AGP card Gi Edge Connector wU PCI VGA card Gi Edge Connector Gi Zzjbvq wKQyUv `y‡i Aew¯’Z| cv_©K¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z wb‡P GKwU wcwmAvB wfwRG KvW© Ges GKwU G wR wc Kv‡W©i Qwe †`Iqv nj|

†Kvi †K¬vK Ges WvUv UªvÝdvi †iU Kg nIqv‡Z wc wm AvB wfwRG GLb Avi †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ n‡”Q bv|A‡bK gv`vi‡ev‡W© MÖvwdKm KvW© weëBb ev mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K A_©vr bZzb K‡i †Kvb MÖvwdKm KvW© †mLv‡b bv jvMv‡jI P‡j| GiKg gv`vi‡ev‡W© weëB‡bi cvkvcvwk VGA / AGP / PCI  e Slot  jvMv‡bv _v‡K| e¨enviKvwii cQ›` Abyhvqx ev gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Requirement Abyhvqx †h ‡Kv‡bv MÖvwdKm KvW© G‡Z jvMv‡bv hvq| Avevi wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© MÖvwdKm KvW© weëBb  _v‡K wKš‘ †Kvb ‡¯øvU  _v‡K bv| Avevi wKQy gv`vi‡ev‡W© ïay  ‡¯øvU _v‡K †Kvb weëBb myweav _v‡K bv|

PCI-e (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

GLb mKj ai‡bi gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ wRwcBD (MÖvwcKm cÖ‡mmwms BDwbU) Gg‡e‡WW ev mshy³ _v‡K| G‡Z BbwU‡MÖ‡UW MÖvwdKm 256 ‡gMvevBU †_‡K 1.6 wMMvnvU©R ch©šÍ weë-Bb _v‡K| GUv w`‡q mvaviY me KvR Kiv †M‡jI bZzb †Mgm ev bZyb MÖvwdKm G¨vwcø‡Kkvb Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| g~j cÖ‡mmi †_‡K wKQzUv Ask Ges i¨vg †_‡K wKQz †g‡gvwi †kqvi Kivi d‡j GUv †¯øv n‡q hvq| Avi G Kvi‡Y wcwm AvB -B MÖvwdKm Kv‡W©i Pvwn`v GLb AvKvkPzw¤^| GUv B›Uvi‡dwms Kivi d‡j w¯úW evovi cvkvcvwk mKj

KvR Abvqv‡m Kiv hvq| gv`vi‡ev‡W© wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm ev wcwmAvB B †jvKvj evm †¯øvU ‡QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi G‡Ki AwaK GB †¯øv‡Ui Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Lv hvq| wcwmAvB B Gi c‡i x w`‡q Kv‡W©i wcbmsL¨v Ges ˆ`N©¨ †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †m¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv nj|

   

mvDÛ KvW© (Sound Card)

cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~b© BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU wWfvBm nj mvDÛ KvW© ( Sound Card )| BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU `ywU KvRB mvDÛ KvW© K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b mKj gv`vi‡ev‡W©  GB mvDÛ KvW© weë-Bb ev mshy³ _v‡K| Z‡e wejyß n‡q‡Q gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ Avmv Rqw÷K †cvU©|  GLbKvi mKj Kw¤úDUvi‡K gvwëwgwWqv Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq | KviY G‡Z m¤úyb© Sound System mshy³ _v‡K| Microphone ,Speaker, Sound Card Ges CD, DVD ev CD, DVD Writer mshy³ _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i mvDÛ KvW© Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡j w¯úKv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi AwWI, wfwWI mvDÛ w¯úKv‡ii gva¨‡g AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| wb‡P GKwU weë-Bb gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mvDÛ Kv‡b±i ‡j-AvDU †`qv nj -

A‡b‡K Zv‡`i cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i weë-Bb mvDÛ KvW© bó n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡b A_ev Av‡iv fvj cvidi‡g‡Ýi Rb¨ Avjv`v GKwU mvDÛ KvW© jvwM‡q _v‡Kb | wb‡P wcwmAvB Ges wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm mvDÛ K‡W©i †j AvDU †`qv nj- 

mvDÛ KvW© jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wcwmAvB †¯øvU Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wcwcmAvB †¯øv‡Ui e¨envi w`b w`b K‡g Avm‡Q| wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm †¯øvU wewfbœ AvKv‡i GLb wewfbœ gv`vi‡ev‡W© Dc¯’vwcZ n‡”Q| wcwmAvB c¨viv‡jj Ges wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm wmwiqvj c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i _v‡K| gv`vi‡ev‡W© wcwmAvB †¯øvU _vK‡jB †h †Kvb mvDÛ KvW© G‡Z jvwM‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq| 

wcwmAvB †‡¯øvU GK I Awfbœ n‡jI wc wmAvB G·‡cÖm †¯øv‡Ui ˆ`N©¨ Ges wc‡bi msL¨v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ x (G·) Gi c‡i bv¤^vi e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvB KvW© †Kbvi Av‡M wbwðr n‡q wb‡Z n‡e gv`vi‡ev‡W© wcwmAvB G·‡cÖm †¯øvU †KvbwU †m m¤ú‡K©| Kw¤úDUviwU hw` j¨vcUc n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j RwUjZv ˆZwi n‡e | †m‡ÿ‡Î BGmwe mvDÛ KvW© jvwM‡q †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| bx‡P wKQz BD Gmwe  mvDÛ Kv‡W©i Qwe †`qv nj-  

gwbUi  (Monitor)

BbcyU wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hgb Kx‡evW© Kgb GKwU wWfvBm †Zgwb AvDUcyU wWfvBm¸‡jvi  g‡a¨ gwbUi (Monitor) Ab¨Zg| Kw¤úDUv‡i Avgiv †h KvR Kwi Zvi djvdj gwbU‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| GKwU AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi gwbUi Qvov KíbvI Kiv hvq bv| GKwU gwbUi wewfbœ ai‡bi Bbdi‡gkb, †U·U, AvBKb, Qwe, wfwWI Ges Gwb‡gkvb cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K|

Av‡M 286, 386, 486 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_  wKQy mv`v-Kv‡jv gwbUi e¨eüZ nZ| GLb cÖvq me ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Kvjvi gwbUi e¨envi Kiv nq| gwbUi GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| gwbU‡ii AvK…wZI ewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K | †hgb - 15 BwÂ, 17 BwÂ, 19 BwÂ, 22 BwÂ, 24 Bw cÖf„wZ|

mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi gwbUi cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ nq| Gi GKwU Ask Av‡m wewfbœ ai‡bi †W¯‹Uc (Desktop)  Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_| G¸‡jv †`L‡Z †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vi gZ Ges Kv‡Ri aib I †Uwjwfk‡bi gZ| GB gwbUi¸‡jv‡Z GKwU eo Vacume tube e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv‡K ejv nq Cathode-ray tube (CRT) 

Avi wØZxqwU nj d¬vU c¨v‡bj wWm‡cø gwbUi hv Av‡M ev cÖ_g cÖ_g †cv‡U©ej Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ e¨eüZ nZ | GLb Aek¨ GB ai‡bi d¬vU gwbUi wewfbœ †W¯‹Uc Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| gwbUi RM‡Zi bZzb cÖhyw³ nj LCD (Liquid Cristal Display) ev LED "Light Emiting Diode" | gwbUi †hiKgB †nvK bv †Kb G‡K wef³ Kiv nq Gi Kvjvi w`‡q|

Monochrome gwbUi GKwUgvÎ Kvjvi cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i MÖxb, Ggevi  A_ev †nvqvBU wKš‘ e¨vKMÖvDÛ Avm‡j eø¨vK | G RvZxq gwbU‡i ïaygvÎ †U·U wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq, †Kvb cÖKvi Kvjvi wWm‡cø G‡Z cvIqv m¤¢e bv| Kvjvi gwbUi¸‡jv 16 †_‡K 16 wgwjqb Kvjvi cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kvjvi gwbUi Monochrome  wKsev Grascale I KvR Ki‡Z m¶g| ˆe`¨ywZK ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K gwbU‡ii wcQ‡b GKwU AC Input ev wWwm BbcyU GWvcUvi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ B›Uvi‡dm Kivi Rb¨ gwbU‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ †`o wgUvi `xN© GKwU wmMbvj †Kej _v‡K hv wb‡P wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj-

Input Hardware

Input Hardware ej‡Z ‡mme Device ev Hardware †K eySvq hv Øviv WvUv Ges †cÖvMÖvg Computer Gi g‡a¨ Input Kiv nq| Gme WvUv ev ‡cÖvMÖvgm gvbyl co‡Z cv‡i, eyS‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Computer Gme WvUv ev †cÖvMÖvgm GKwU Form G Convert K‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i| Avgiv †hfv‡e k‡ãi mgš^‡q evK¨ co‡Z cvwi Kw¤úDUvi †mfv‡e cv‡i bv| Kw¤úDUvi co‡Z cv‡i 0 Ges 1 Gi mgwó, Off Ges On wmMbvj Øviv|

Input Device `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- Keyboard Entry  I  Direct Entry| bx‡P G¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-

Keyboard

GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i Keyboard nj Ggb GKwU Device hv Letters, Numbers Ges Ab¨vb¨ Charecter ev Sign †K Electric Signal G i“cvš—i K‡i, hv Computer Zvi CPU Gi Øviv Read Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU Keyboard ‡`L‡Z UvBcivBUv‡ii gZB, Z‡e Keyboard Gi g‡a¨ wKQy Special key mshy³ Kiv _v‡K| Microcomputer G e¨eüZ keyboard wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb- Serial, PS/2, USB cÖf„wZ| GKwU Standard keyboard G 100 †_‡K 104 wU key _v‡K| IBM Compatible Computer G e¨eüZ Keyboard 5wU †_‡K 6 wU MÖ“‡c wef³ _v‡K| ‡hgb-Alphanumeric keys,     Modifier keys, Numeric keys, Function keys, Cursor movement keys, Ges Special keys.  

GKwU Keyboard †K Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Interface Kivi Rb¨ 5 wc‡bi  DIN Plug-(Connector)  Keyboard Gi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Gai‡bi Keyboard †K Serial Keyboard e‡j| wKQy Keyboard G 6 wc‡bi A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU DIN Plug jvMv‡bv _v‡K, GRvZxq Keyboard †K PS/2 Keyboard  Avevi wKQy Keyboard G 4 wc‡bi USB (Universal Serial Bus) Connector jvMv‡bv _v‡K hv USB Keyboard bv‡g cwiwPZ| wb‡P GKwU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Keyboard Gi wewfbœ Connector ¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv nj-

Alphanumeric keys

Alphanumeric keys - Alphabetic Ges Numeric key Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ e‡j GB AskwU‡K Alphanumeric keys ejv nq| GB key¸‡jvi mvRv‡bv AskwU‡K UvBcivBUv‡ii gZ ‡`Lvq | cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU Keyboard Gi GB AskwU GKBiKg _v‡K| KLbI KLbI GB AskwU‡K QWERTY ejv nq KviY ïi“‡ZB cÖ_g 6 wU Key nj Q W E R T Ges Y| Keyboard Gi GB AskwU‡Z A ‡_‡K Z ch©š— Alphabetic , 1 †_‡K 0 ch©š— Numeric Ges TAB, CAPS LOCK, BACKSPACE Ges ENTER Key mshy³ _v‡K| Tab Key- Line Alignment wVK ivLvi Rb¨, Caps Lock key - Capital Letter ev Small Letter G wjLvi Rb¨ Switch wnmv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| Backspace key - wcQb †_‡K Text gyQvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Ges Enter key -KgvÛ BbcyU ev cieZx© jvB‡b hvIqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|

Modifier Keys

SHIFT, CTRL (Control) Ges ALT (Alternate) - GB wZbwU Key †K ejv nq Modifier keys KviY GB wZbwU Key Gi †h‡Kvb GKwU ‡P‡c a‡i Ab¨vb¨ Key press Ki‡j djvdj Ab¨iKg n‡e ev CPU Gi Kv‡Q Gi djvdj wfbœiKg n‡e| †hgb - Keyboard ‡_‡K 4 press Ki‡j gwbU‡ii w¯Œ‡b †`Lv‡e -"4" wKš‘ Shift ‡P‡c a‡i 4 press Ki‡j †`Lv‡e  Ó$" (Doller sign)

Numeric Keys

Keyboard Gi Wvbcv‡k¦©  Calculator Gi gZ †`L‡Z Portion wU‡K ejv nq Numeric key pad KviY GUv‡Z 0 †_‡K 9 ch©š— 10 wU wWwRU Ges  +, -, *, /   Mathmetical operators i‡q‡Q| Numeric keypad Gi Dc‡i evcv‡k GKwU Numlock key _v‡K| GUv Numeric keypad ON/OFF Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|